Geniuses -

genius nicolas malebranche

Nicolas Malebranche

Just as our eyes need light in order to see, our minds need ideas in order to conceive.

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genius nicolas malebranche

Nicolas Malebranche

As one of Descartes’s disciples, Nicolas de Malebranche, wrote: [I]n animals, there is neither intelligence nor souls as ordinarily meant. They eat without pleasure, cry without pain, grow without knowing it; they desire nothing, fear nothing, know nothing: and if they act in a manner that demonstrates intelligence,

genius nicolas malebranche

Nicolas Malebranche

Reasoning required language, Descartes argued, and animal calls were only automatic sounds made in response to external stimuli. One of his followers, the philosopher Nicolas Malebranche, summarized the Descartian view: “[Animals] eat without pleasure, cry without pain, grow without knowing it; they desire nothing, fear nothing, know nothing.

genius nicolas malebranche

Nicolas Malebranche

We are not our own light.