Free PDF: The Genius Workout — 50 brain teasers + the 25 highest IQs in history.

19th Century Geniuses

Brilliant minds born in the 19th century

282 Geniuses

19th Century Geniuses

Entdecken 282 geniuses born in the 19th Century (1800–1899), a transformative era in human knowledge and achievement.

William James Sidis
1898–1944 · United States
The Animate And The Inanimate
IQ 250
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Gilbert N. Lewis
1875–1946 · United States
Covalent bondLewis dot structuresValence bond theoryElectronic theory of acids and basesChemical the
IQ 195
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Henry Adams
1838–1918 · United States
The Education of Henry Adams, The History of the United States of America 1801–1817
IQ 195
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Hermann von Helmholtz
1821–1894 · Germany
His mathematics of the eye, theories of vision, ideas on the visual perception of space, color visio
IQ 195
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Ludwig Boltzmann
1844–1906 · Austria
The development of statistical mechanics
IQ 195
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Nikola Tesla
1856–1943 · Croatia
Inventing the Tesla coil, alternating current machinery, and a transatlantic communications system.
IQ 195
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Erwin Schrödinger
1887–1961 · Austria
Schrödinger's cat
IQ 190
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Friedrich Nietzsche
1844–1900 · Germany
Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Beyond Good & Evil
IQ 190
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Henri Poincaré
1854–1912 · France
Poincaré conjecture
IQ 190
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Max Planck
1858–1947 · Germany
On the Second Principles of Mechanical Heat Theory (1879)
IQ 190
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Vilfredo Pareto
1848–1923 · Italy
The Pareto Principle
IQ 190
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Wilhelm Ostwald
1853–1932 · LV
Catalysis, Coining the term 'Mole' and HSL and HSV
IQ 190
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Alfred J. Lotka
1880–1949 · United States
The Lotka–Volterra equations
IQ 185
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Gerald Massey
1828–1907 · United Kingdom
The Ballad of Babe Christabel (1854), War Waits (1855), Havelock's March (1860), and A Tale of Etern
IQ 185
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James Clerk Maxwell
1831–1879 · Scotland
Statistical mechanics <br> Maxwell's equations <br> Displacement current <br> Maxwell relations
IQ 185
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Leon Winiarski
1865–1915 · Poland
Essay on Social Mechanics
IQ 185
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Percy Williams Bridgman
1882–1961 · United States
High-pressure physics <br> Operationalism <br> Operational definition
IQ 185
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Satyendra Nath Bose
1894–1974 · India
Bose–Einstein condensateBose–Einstein statisticsBose–Einstein distributionBose–Einstein correlations
IQ 185
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Sigmund Freud
1856–1939 · Austria
Psychoanalysis, including the theories of id, ego and super-ego, oedipus complex, repression, defens
IQ 185
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Thomas Edison
1847–1931 · United States
The phonograph, the motion picture camera, and early versions of the electric light bulb
IQ 185
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William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin
1824–1907 · United Kingdom
Joule–Thomson effect Thomson effect (thermoelectric) Mirror galvanometer Siphon recorder Kelvin mat
IQ 185
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Theodor Schwann
1810–1882 · Germany
Cell theory, Schwann cells, Pepsin
IQ 182
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Arthur Conan Doyle
1859–1930 · Scotland
Stories of Sherlock Holmes, The Lost World
IQ 180
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Alexander Graham Bell
1847–1922 · Scotland
Invention of the telephone.
IQ 180
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George Bernard Shaw
1856–1950 · Ireland
Man and Superman (1902) Pygmalion (1912) The Doctor's Dilemma (1906) Saint Joan (1923) Caesar an
IQ 180
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Bernhard Riemann
1826–1866 · Germany
Riemann–von Mangoldt formula, Riemann bilinear relations, Cauchy–Riemann equations, Free Riemann gas
IQ 180
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Bertrand Russell
1872–1970 · United Kingdom
IQ 180
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Charles Darwin
1809–1882 · United Kingdom
The Voyage of the Beagle <br> On the Origin of Species <br> The Descent of Man
IQ 180
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Charles Scott Sherrington
1857–1952 · England
IQ 180
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Ernst Haeckel
1834–1919 · Germany
Mapping a genealogical tree relating all life forms
IQ 180
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Francis Ysidro Edgeworth
1845–1926 · United Kingdom
Being the founding editor of The Economic Journal.
IQ 180
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Frederick Rossini
1899–1990 · United States
Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances
IQ 180
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Fyodor Dostoevsky
1821–1881 · Russia
Notes from Underground <br> Crime and Punishment <br> The Idiot <br> Demons <br> The Brothers Karama
IQ 180
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Heinrich Hertz
1857–1894 · Germany
Proving the existence of the electromagnetic waves
IQ 180
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Hendrik Lorentz
1853–1928 · Netherlands
Zeeman effect
IQ 180
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Ivan Pavlov
1849–1936 · Russia
Being the founder of modern behavior therapy
IQ 180
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James Anthony Froude
1818–1894 · England
History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada
IQ 180
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James Prescott Joule
1818–1889 · England
First law of thermodynamicsDisproving caloric theory
IQ 180
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John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh
1842–1919 · United Kingdom
Discovery of argon
IQ 180
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John Stuart Mill
1806–1873 · United Kingdom
On Liberty, The Subjection of Women
IQ 180
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Jorge Luis Borges
1899–1986 · Argentina
A Universal History of Infamy (1935), Ficciones (1944), El Aleph (1949), Labyrinths (1962) and The B
IQ 180
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Joseph John Thomson
1856–1940 · United Kingdom
Discovery of the electron
IQ 180
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Julius von Mayer
1814–1878 · Germany
The first law of thermodynamics and Mayer's reagent
IQ 180
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Karl Marx
1818–1883 · Germany
The fact that his teachings lead to revolutions in Russia, China, Cuba, Vietnam, and Cambodia.
IQ 180
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Lawrence Joseph Henderson
1878–1942 · United States
The Fitness of the Environment, Henderson–Hasselbalch equation
IQ 180
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Leo Tolstoy
1828–1910 · Russia
War and Peace, Anna Karenina, The Death of Ivan Ilyich, The Kingdom of God Is Within You, Resurrecti
IQ 180
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Louis de Broglie
1892–1987 · France
Wave nature of electrons <br> De Broglie–Bohm theoryde <br> Broglie wavelength
IQ 180
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Ludwig Büchner
1824–1899 · Germany
Kraft und Stoff
IQ 180
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Marie Curie
1867–1934 · Poland
Radioactivity Polonium Radium
IQ 180
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Niels Bohr
1885–1962 · Denmark
Bohr magneton <br> Bohr model <br> Bohr radius <br> Bohr–Einstein debates <br> Bohr–Kramers–Slater t
IQ 180
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Oliver Heaviside
1850–1925 · England
Heaviside cover-up method <br> Heaviside step function <br> Heaviside condition <br> Heaviside-Feynm
IQ 180
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Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
1881–1955 · France
Co-developing the concept of the noosphere.
IQ 180
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Søren Kierkegaard
1813–1855 · Denmark
IQ 180
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Victor Hugo
1802–1885 · France
Les Misérables <br> Ruy Blas <br> The Hunchback of Notre-Dame
IQ 180
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Macquorn Rankine
1820–1872 · United Kingdom
Rankine scale Laws of thermodynamics Rankine–Hugoniot relation
IQ 180
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Abraham Lincoln
1809–1865 · United States
16th American president Noted for his Emancipation Proclamation (1863) which ended slavery and br
IQ 175
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Alfred Russel Wallace
1823–1913 · United Kingdom
Co-discovery of natural selection, Pioneering work on biogeography, Wallace Line Wallace effect
IQ 175
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Andrew Carnegie
1835–1919 · United States
Founding and leading the Carnegie Steel Company, the Carnegie Library, Carnegie Institution for Scie
IQ 175
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Arnold Sommerfeld
1868–1951 · Germany
Being nominated for the Nobel Prize 84 times but never wining it.
IQ 175
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Dmitri Mendeleev
1834–1907 · Russia
Formulating the periodic table of chemical elements
IQ 175
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Ernst Mach
1838–1916 · Austria
Mach number <br> Mach's principle <br> Shock waves <br> Mach waves <br> Mach reflection effects <br>
IQ 175
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George Boole
1815–1864 · England
Laying the foundations for the information age
IQ 175
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George Gore (electrochemist)
1826–1908 · England
His research with phosphorus
IQ 175
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Gustav Kirchhoff
1824–1887 · Germany
Kirchhoff's circuit laws Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation Kirchhoff's laws of spectroscopy Ki
IQ 175
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Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
1853–1926 · Netherlands
Liquid helium <br> Onnes-effect <br> Superconductivity <br> Virial equation of state
IQ 175
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Marcel Duchamp
1887–1968 · France
Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 (1912) <br> Fountain (1917) <br> The Bride Stripped Bare By Her B
IQ 175
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Henry Thomas Buckle
1821–1862 · United Kingdom
History of Civilisation in England
IQ 175
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Justus von Liebig
1803–1873 · Germany
Law of the Minimum and Liebig condenser
IQ 175
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Louis Pasteur
1822–1895 · France
Created the first vaccines for rabies <br> Cholera vaccine <br> Anthrax vaccines <br> Pasteurization
IQ 175
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Louis Agassiz
1807–1873 · Switzerland
Ice age, Polygenism
IQ 175
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Ludwig Wittgenstein
1889–1951 · Austria
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
IQ 175
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Pablo Picasso
1881–1973 · Spain
Painting, drawing, sculpture, printmaking, ceramics, stage design, writing
IQ 175
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Pitirim Sorokin
1889–1968 · Russia
Leaves of a Russian Diar
IQ 175
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R. A. Schwaller de Lubicz
1887–1961 · France
Esotericism, alternative Egyptology
IQ 175
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Richard Wagner
1813–1883 · Germany
The Ring of the Nibelung
IQ 175
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Robert Bunsen
1811–1899 · Germany
Discovery of cacodyl radical Discoveries of caesium and rubidium Discovery of use of the Bunsen burn
IQ 175
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Robert Andrews Millikan
1868–1953 · United States
Oil drop experiment measuring the charge of the electron <br> Photoelectric effect <br> Cosmic ray p
IQ 175
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Rudolf Clausius
1822–1888 · Germany
Second law of thermodynamics <br> Originator of the concept of entropy <br> Clausius-Mossotti relati
IQ 175
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Margaret Fuller
1810–1850 · United States
Woman in the Nineteenth Century
IQ 175
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Srinivasa Ramanujan
1887–1920 · India
Landau–Ramanujan constant, Mock theta functions, Ramanujan conjecture, Ramanujan prime, Ramanujan–So
IQ 175
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Thomas Babington Macaulay
1800–1859 · United Kingdom
IQ 175
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Walther Nernst
1864–1941 · Germany
Third Law of Thermodynamics
IQ 175
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William Stanley Jevons
1835–1882
Marginal utility theoryJevons paradox
IQ 175
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William Kingdon Clifford
1845–1879 · United Kingdom
Clifford algebra
IQ 175
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Christian Doppler
1803–1853 · Austria
Discovering the Doppler effect
IQ 170
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David Strauss
1808–1874 · Germany
Pioneering in the historical investigation of Jesus.
IQ 170
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Émile Durkheim
1858–1917 · France
Being the architect of modern social science
IQ 170
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Edmund Husserl
1859–1938 · Germany
"Phenomenology, epoché (also bracketing, transcendental reduction, or phenomenological reduction), e
IQ 170
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Edwin Hubble
1889–1953 · United States
Hubble sequence <br> Hubble's law
IQ 170
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Ernest Renan
1823–1892 · France
Life of Jesus
IQ 170
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Ernest Hemingway
1899–1961 · United States
A Farewell to Arms and The Old Man and the Sea
IQ 170
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Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
1807–1882 · United States
Being the first American to translate Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy
IQ 170
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Herman Hollerith
1860–1929 · United States
Electromechanical tabulation of punched card data
IQ 170
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John Dewey
1859–1952 · United States
Reforming the American educational system.
IQ 170
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John Burroughs
1837–1921 · United States
Being an active in the U.S. conservation movement.
IQ 170
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John Maynard Keynes
1883–1946 · England
Changing the theory and practice of macroeconomics and the economic policies of governments
IQ 170
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John Tyndall
1820–1893 · Ireland
Atmosphere, physics education, Tyndall effect, diamagnetism, infrared radiation, Tyndallization
IQ 170
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Ludwig Feuerbach
1804–1872 · Germany
The Essence of Christianity
IQ 170
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Max Weber
1864–1920 · Germany
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1905)
IQ 170
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Norbert Wiener
1894–1964 · United States
Cybernetics
IQ 170
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Oswald Spengler
1880–1936 · Germany
The Decline of the West
IQ 170
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Mark Twain
1835–1910 · United States
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer <br> Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
IQ 170
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Thomas Henry Huxley
1825–1895 · United Kingdom
Evolution, science education, agnosticism
IQ 170
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Wilder Penfield
1891–1976 · United States
Prompting memory recall during surgery via temporal lobe stimulationTreatment of epilepsy by surgery
IQ 170
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William James
1842–1910 · United States
Will to believe doctrine
IQ 170
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William Butler Yeats
1865–1939 · Ireland
Leda and the Swan
IQ 170
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Alfred de Musset
1810–1857 · France
IQ 170
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Benjamin Disraeli
1804–1881 · United Kingdom
Being elected twice as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
IQ 165
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Carl Jung
1875–1961 · Switzerland
Analytical psychology <br> Psychological types <br> Collective unconscious <br> Complex <br> Archety
IQ 165
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Charles Dickens
1812–1870 · England
The Pickwick Papers <br> Oliver Twist <br> Nicholas Nickleby <br> A Christmas Carol <br> David Coppe
IQ 165
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Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve
1804–1869 · France
Port-Royal
IQ 165
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Charlotte Brontë
1816–1855 · England
Jane Eyre <br> Villette
IQ 165
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Évariste Galois
1811–1832 · France
Work on the theory of equations and Abelian integrals
IQ 165
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Felix Mendelssohn
1809–1847 · Germany
grandson of Moses Mendelssohn; student of Carl Zelter; Mendelssohn first appeared in concert at the
IQ 165
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Frédéric Chopin
1810–1849 · Poland
Publishing two polonaises by the age of seven
IQ 165
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Giuseppe Mazzini
1807–1872 · Italy
Italian politician, journalist, and revolutionist.
IQ 165
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Gottlob Frege
1848–1925 · Germany
Begriffsschrift (1879) <br> The Foundations of Arithmetic (1884) <br> Basic Laws of Arithmetic (1893
IQ 165
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Gregor Mendel
1822–1884 · Czech Republic
Creating the science of genetics
IQ 165
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Guglielmo Marconi
1874–1937 · Italy
Radio
IQ 165
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Gustav Fechner
1801–1887 · Germany
Weber–Fechner law
IQ 165
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Henry Ford
1863–1947 · United States
Founding and leading the Ford Motor Company
IQ 165
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Igor Stravinsky
1882–1971 · Russia
The Firebird (1910), Petrushka (1911), and The Rite of Spring (1913)
IQ 165
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Johannes Brahms
1833–1897 · Germany
Hungarian Dance No. 5
IQ 165
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John Henry Newman
1801–1890 · United Kingdom
Anglican priest, poet, and theologian.
IQ 165
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Joseph Lister
1827–1912 · United Kingdom
Surgical sterile techniques
IQ 165
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Karl Pearson
1857–1936 · England
Common Sense of the Exact Sciences and History of the Theory of Elasticity
IQ 165
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Lise Meitner
1878–1968 · Austria
Discovery of protactinium Discovery of nuclear fission
IQ 165
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Martin Heidegger
1889–1976 · Germany
Being and Time (1927)
IQ 165
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Wright brothers
1867–1948 · United States
Inventing, building, and flying the world's first successful motor-operated airplane, the Wright Fly
IQ 165
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Giuseppe Verdi
1813–1901 · Italy
1. Aida 2. Chorus of the Hebrew Slaves from Nabucco 3. La Donna è Mobile from Rigoletto 4. La
IQ 165
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Antoni Gaudí
1852–1926 · Spain
Sagrada Família <br> Organic Architecture<br> Innovative Structural Techniques<br> Symbolism
IQ 165
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Ada Lovelace
1815–1852 · United Kingdom
The mother of computing science; contributed to the first published computer program; was the first
IQ 160
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Albert Einstein
1879–1955 · Germany
Einstein’s theories of special & general relativity delivered a remarkable transformation in our und
IQ 160
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Alfred Wegener
1880–1930 · Germany
Continental drift theory.
IQ 160
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Charles Sumner
1811–1874 · United States
American politician, lawyer, and senator.
IQ 160
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Claude Bernard
1813–1878 · France
Physiology
IQ 160
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Elizabeth Gaskell
1810–1865 · England
Cranford (1851–53), North and South (1854–55), and Wives and Daughters (1865)
IQ 160
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Frederick Douglass
1818–1895 · United States
Being a proponent of abolishing slavery and giving women the right to vote
IQ 160
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George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon
1800–1870 · United Kingdom
Being British representative at the Congress of Paris which ended the Crimean War.
IQ 160
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George Sand
1804–1876 · France
IQ 160
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George Eliot
1819–1880 · England
The Mill on the Floss (1860) <br> Silas Marner (1861) <br> Romola (1862–1863) <br> Middlemarch (1871
IQ 160
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Harriet Martineau
1802–1876 · United Kingdom
Illustrations of Political Economy (1834) <br> Society in America (1837) <br> Deerbrook (1839) <br>
IQ 160
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Henry David Thoreau
1817–1862 · United States
Walden
IQ 160
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Léon Foucault
1819–1868 · France
Foucault pendulum <br> Foucault's currents <br> Foucault knife-edge test <br> Fizeau–Foucault appara
IQ 160
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Hector Berlioz
1803–1869 · France
Symphonie fantastique and Harold in Italy
IQ 160
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Mahatma Gandhi
1869–1948 · India
Indian Independence Movement and Nonviolent resistance
IQ 160
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Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
1840–1893 · Russia
IQ 160
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Philip Stanhope, 5th Earl Stanhope
1805–1875 · England
Contributions to cultural causes and for his historical writings
IQ 160
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Sergei Rachmaninoff
1873–1943 · Russia
IQ 160
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Sofya Kovalevskaya
1850–1891 · Russia
Cauchy–Kowalevski theorem and Kovalevskaya top
IQ 156
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Edward Bulwer-Lytton
1803–1873 · England
Vril: the Power of the Coming Race
IQ 155
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E. A. Wallis Budge
1857–1934 · United Kingdom
A History of Egypt from the End of the Neolithic Period to the Death of Cleopatra VII, B.C. 30: Egy
IQ 155
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Hugh Miller
1802–1856 · Scotland
One of Scotland's most influential Victorian palaeontologists
IQ 155
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Léon Gambetta
1838–1882 · France
IQ 155
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Maria Montessori
1870–1952 · Italy
Founder of the Montessori method of education
IQ 155
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Nathaniel Hawthorne
1804–1864 · United States
Twice-Told Tales (1837–1842) <br> The Scarlet Letter (1850) <br> The House of the Seven Gables (1851
IQ 155
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Orestes Brownson
1803–1876 · United States
IQ 155
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Otto Weininger
1880–1903 · Germany
Sex and Character
IQ 155
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Ralph Waldo Emerson
1803–1882 · United States
Essays: First Series (1841) and Essays: Second Series (1844)
IQ 155
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Richard Cobden
1804–1865 · United Kingdom
Member of the Anti-Corn Law League and peace campaigner
IQ 155
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Robert Koch
1843–1910 · Germany
Bacterial culture method <br> Koch's postulates <br> Germ theory <br> Discovery of anthrax bacillus
IQ 155
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Theodore Roosevelt
1858–1919 · United States
Being the 26th president of the United States
IQ 155
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Woodrow Wilson
1856–1924 · United States
Used Darwinian evolution logic as a logic platform in his presidency.
IQ 155
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William H. Seward
1801–1872 · United States
Negotiating the Alaska Purchase
IQ 155
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Franklin D. Roosevelt
1882–1945 · United States
Being the 32nd President of the United States
IQ 151
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Alfred M. Mayer
1836–1897 · United States
Experiments with sound.
IQ 150
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Clive Staples Lewis
1898–1963 · United Kingdom
The Chronicles of Narnia <br> Mere Christianity <br> The Allegory of Love <br> The Screwtape Letters
IQ 150
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Frederick Matthias Alexander
1869–1955 · Australia
Alexander technique
IQ 150
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John Bright
1811–1889 · United Kingdom
IQ 150
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Joseph Leidy
1823–1891 · United States
One of fabled "last persons to know everything"
IQ 150
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Thorstein Veblen
1857–1929 · United States
The Theory of the Leisure Class
IQ 150
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William Makepeace Thackeray
1811–1863 · United Kingdom
Vanity Fair, The Luck of Barry Lyndon
IQ 150
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Martha Graham
1894–1991 · United States
Dance and choreography
IQ 148
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Edgar Allan Poe
1809–1849 · United States
American writer, editor, and literary critic; best-known for his poem “The Raven” (1845) noted for i
IQ 145
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Francis Galton
1822–1911 · United Kingdom
Galton board <br> Galton distribution <br> Galton–Watson process <br> Galton's problem <br> Galton'
IQ 145
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F. Scott Fitzgerald
1896–1940 · United States
The Great Gatsby (1925) and Tender Is the Night (1934)
IQ 145
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Hans Christian Andersen
1805–1875 · Denmark
"The Little Mermaid" <br> "The Ugly Duckling" <br> "The Emperor's New Clothes" <br>"The Little Match
IQ 145
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Hippolyte Taine
1828–1893
Being a major proponent of sociological positivism and one of the first practitioners of historicist
IQ 145
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Jay Gould
1836–1892 · United States
Being one of America's most infamous financial speculators
IQ 145
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Robert Frost
1874–1963 · United States
A Boy's Will, North of Boston
IQ 145
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William Lloyd Garrison
1805–1879 · United States
Editor of The Liberator
IQ 145
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William Tecumseh Sherman
1820–1891 · United States
American general.
IQ 145
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Charlie Spencer Chaplin
1889–1977 · England
The Great Dictator (1940) <br> Modern Times (1936) <br> City Lights (1931) <br> The Kid (1921)
IQ 140
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Giuseppe Garibaldi
1807–1882 · Italy
Italian general, politician and nationalist.
IQ 140
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Robert E. Lee
1807–1870 · United States
American general.
IQ 140
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Alexander Fleming
1881–1955 · Scotland
Discovery of penicillin and Lysozyme
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Alexandre Dumas
1802–1870 · France
The Three Musketeers (1844), The Count of Monte Cristo (1844–1845)
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Alfred Nobel
1833–1896 · Sweden
Benefactor of the Nobel Prize, inventor of dynamite
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Alfred, Lord Tennyson
1809–1892 · England
'In Memoriam,' 'The Charge of the Light Brigade' and 'Idylls of the King'.
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Anton Chekhov
1860–1904 · Russia
Three Sisters, The Cherry Orchard and Uncle Vanya.
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Arthur Compton
1892–1962 · United States
Compton scattering <br> Compton wavelength <br> Compton–Getting effect <br> Compton generator
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Auguste Rodin
1840–1917 · France
The statue of The Thinker
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Camille Saint-Saëns
1835–1921 · France
Giving his first public recital at age five
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Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour
1810–1861 · Italy
Being a leading figure in the movement towards Italian unification.
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Carl Filtsch
1830–1845 · Romania
Composed concerto at thirteen; died at age fourteen
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C. V. Raman
1888–1970 · India
Raman effect
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Charles Glover Barkla
1877–1944 · United Kingdom
X-ray scattering <br> X-ray spectroscopy
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Charles Nicolle
1866–1936 · France
Identifying lice as the transmitter of epidemic typhus.
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Charles-Valentin Alkan
1813–1888 · France
Entered Paris Conservatoire at age 5, youngest ever admission.
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Felix Klein
1849–1925 · Germany
Erlangen program <br> Klein bottle <br> Beltrami–Klein model <br> Klein's Encyclopedia of Mathematic
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Clarence Darrow
1857–1938 · United States
The Scopes "Monkey" Trial
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Claude Monet
1840–1926 · France
Painter
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David Hilbert
1862–1943 · Germany
Hilbert's basis theorem <br> Hilbert's axioms <br> Hilbert's problems <br> Hilbert's program <br> E
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David Livingstone
1813–1873 · Scotland
Spreading of the gospel, exploration of Africa, and meeting with Henry Stanley.
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Elizabeth Blackwell
1821–1910 · England
The first woman to qualify as a physician in America; founder of America’s first medical school for
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Emmy Noether
1882–1935 · Germany
Abstract algebra <br> Theoretical physics <br> Noether's theorem <br> Noetherian ring <br> Lasker–No
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Erich Wolfgang Korngold
1897–1957 · Austria
Operas, movie scores, symphonic and chamber music
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Ernest Rutherford
1871–1937 · New Zealand
Discovery of alpha and beta radioactivity <br> Discovery of atomic nucleus (Rutherford model) <br> R
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Florence Nightingale
1820–1910 · England
Pioneering modern nursing
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Franz Liszt
1811–1886 · Hungary
Performed first major concert at age eleven and was already an accomplished concert pianist by the a
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Franz Kafka
1883–1924 · Czech Republic
The Metamorphosis <br> The Trial <br> The Judgment <br> The Castle <br> Contemplation <br> A Hunger
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Fritz Albert Lipmann
1899–1986 · Germany
Co-discoverer in 1945 of coenzyme A
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George Washington Carver
1860–1943 · United Kingdom
Improved the agricultural economy of the United States by promoting nitrogen-providing peanuts as an
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George de Hevesy
1885–1966 · Hungary
HafniumRadioactive tracer
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Georges Bizet
1838–1874 · France
Carmen
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Georges Lemaître
1894–1966 · Belgium
Theory of the expansion of the universeBig Bang theoryLemaître coordinates
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Harold Urey
1893–1981 · United States
Discovery of deuterium and Miller–Urey experiment
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Henri Matisse
1869–1954 · France
Woman with a Hat (1905) <br> The Joy of Life (1906) <br> Nu bleu (1907) <br> La Danse (1909) <br> L'
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Henrietta Swan Leavitt
1868–1921 · United States
Leavitt's law: the period-luminosity relationship for Cepheid variables
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Henry Moseley
1887–1915 · United Kingdom
Atomic number, Moseley's law
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Henry B. Guppy
1854–1926 · United Kingdom
Discovering several species of animals
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Hermann Staudinger
1881–1965 · Germany
Polymer chemistry
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Howard Florey
b. 1898 · Australia
Discovery of penicillin's properties
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Inge Lehmann
1888–1993 · Denmark
Analyzed earthquake waves to discover that within our planet’s liquid core, at the earth’s center, t
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Irène Joliot-Curie
1897–1956 · France
Co-discovered how to convert stable chemical elements into ‘designer’ radioactive elements; these ha
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Isambard Kingdom Brunel
1806–1859 · United Kingdom
Building the Great Western Railway
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Ivan Turgenev
1818–1883 · Russia
A Sportsman's Sketches <br> Startseite of the Gentry <br> Fathers and Sons <br> A Month in the Country
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J Harlen Bretz
1882–1981 · United States
Missoula Floods hypothesis, overturning uniformitarianism
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James Croll
1821–1890 · Scotland
Provided the first mechanism accounting for ice ages; said climate change is caused by periodic chan
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Joan Miró
1893–1983 · Spain
Painting, sculpture, mural and ceramics
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John Cockcroft
1897–1967 · United Kingdom
Splitting the atom
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Josef Hofmann
1876–1957 · United States
Being probably the first pianist of note to record on Edison's phonograph
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Joseph Joachim
1831–1907 · Hungary
Joachim Quartet
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Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga
1806–1826 · Spain
Composed a two-act opera at age thirteen
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Karl Landsteiner
1868–1943 · Austria
Development of blood group system, discovery of Rh factor, discovery of poliovirus
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Lawrence Bragg
1890–1971 · Australia
X-ray diffractionX-ray spectroscopyX-ray microscopyBubble raftBragg's lawBragg-Gray cavity theoryBra
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Leo Ornstein
1895–2002 · United States
Enterin Saint Petersburg Conservatory at age ten
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Lili Boulanger
1893–1918 · France
Attended Louis Vierne's organ classes at the Paris Conservatoire at age six
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Matthew Fontaine Maury
1806–1873 · United States
The Physical Geography of the Sea (1855)
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Milutin Milanković
1879–1958 · CS
Insolation, Milankovitch cycles
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Nettie Stevens
1861–1912 · United States
XY sex-determination system
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Nikolai Gogol
1809–1852 · Ukraine
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Sergei Prokofiev
1891–1953 · Ukraine
Composed an opera at age nine
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Oswald Avery
1877–1955 · Canada
Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment DNA transmits heredity
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Paul Cézanne
1839–1906 · France
Mont Sainte-Victoire (1885–1906) <br> Apothéose de Delacroix (1890–1894) <br> Rideau, Cruchon et Com
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Percival Lowell
1855–1916 · United States
Martian canals, Asteroids discovered: 793 Arizona (April 9, 1907)
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Paul Broca
1824–1880 · France
Discovering that Broca's area of the brain is involved with language.
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Pyotr Kapitsa
1894–1984 · Russia
Superfluidity and Kapitza's pendulum
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Robert G. Ingersoll
1833–1899 · United States
Defending agnosticism.
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Ronald Fisher
1890–1962 · United Kingdom
Fisher's principle, Fisher information, Invented experimental design, devised the statistical concep
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Rudolf Virchow
1821–1902 · Germany
Cell theory <br> Cellular pathology br> Biogenesis br> Virchow's triad
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Santiago Ramón y Cajal
1852–1934 · Spain
Fathering modern neuroscience <br> Discovery of the neuron <br> Neuron doctrine <br>Growth cone <br>
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Selman Waksman
1888–1973 · Ukraine
Discovered antibiotics made by soil-dwelling bacteria including streptomycin, the first effective tr
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Sergei Winogradsky
1856–1953 · Russia
Nitrogen cycle <br> Chemoautotrophy <br> Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria
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Truman Henry Safford
1836–1901 · United States
Calculating prodigy
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Vincent van Gogh
1853–1890 · Netherlands
The Potato Eaters (1885) Sunflowers (1887) Bedroom in Arles (1888) The Starry Night (1889) Portr
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Virginia Woolf
1882–1941 · England
Mrs Dalloway (1925) <br> To the Lighthouse (1927) <br> Orlando (1928) <br> A Room of One's Own (1929
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Wassily Kandinsky
1866–1944 · Russia
Yellow-Red-Blue
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Josiah Willard Gibbs
1839–1903 · United States
Creating statistical mechanics
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William Henry Perkin
1838–1907
Aniline dye, mauveine, Perkin triangle
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William Ramsay
1852–1916
Discovering noble gases
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William Armstrong Fairburn
1876–1947 · United States
English-born American naval architect, marine engineer, chemical engineer, and industrial executive;
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Zerah Colburn
1804–1839 · United States
Mental calculator; child prodigy
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James Chadwick
1891–1974 · United Kingdom
Discovery of the neutron <br> MAUD Committee Report <br> Manhattan Project
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Winston Churchill
1874–1965 · United Kingdom
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945, during the Second World War, and again from
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Ulysses S. Grant
1822–1885 · United States
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Vincenzo Bellini
1801–1835 · Italy
Norma <br> La Sonnambula <br> I Puritani
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David Farragut
1801–1870 · United States
The phrase "Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead"
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Herbert George Wells
1866–1946 · United Kingdom
The Time Machine <br> The Invisible Man <br> The War of the Worlds <br> The Island of Doctor Moreau
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Philip Sheridan
1831–1888 · United States
Defeating Robert E. Lee and the South during the Civil War in the United States.
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M. C. Escher
1898–1972 · Netherlands
Drawing, printmaking
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James Henry Pullen
1835–1916 · England
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Clara Schumann
1819–1896 · Germany
The Piano Concerto in A minor, Op. 7
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Benjamin Bradley (inventor)
1836–1904 · United States
Creating the first boat steam engine
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Jagadish Chandra Bose
1858–1937 · India
Millimeter waves <br> Radio Crescograph <br> Contributions to plant biology <br> Crystal radio <br>
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Anne Brontë
1820–1849 · United Kingdom
The Tenant of Wildfell Hall
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Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi
1804–1851 · Germany
Jacobi's elliptic functions Jacobian Jacobi symbol Jacobi ellipsoid Jacobi polynomials Jacobi
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Niels Henrik Abel
1802–1829 · Norway
<br>Abel's binomial theorem<br> Abel equation<br> Abel equation of the first kindAbelian extension
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Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet
1805–1859 · Germany
See full list
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Tatyana Afanasyeva
1876–1964 · Ukraine
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L. L. Zamenhof
1859–1917 · Poland
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Manuel António Gomes
1868–1933 · Portugal
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