19th Century Geniuses

Brilliant minds born in the 19th century

282 Geniuses

19th Century Geniuses

Explore 282 geniuses born in the 19th Century (1800–1899), a transformative era in human knowledge and achievement.

William James Sidis
1898–1944 · United States
The Animate And The Inanimate
IQ 250
Read Article · Profile
Gilbert N. Lewis
1875–1946 · United States
Covalent bondLewis dot structuresValence bond theoryElectronic theory of acids and basesChemical the
IQ 195
Read Article · Profile
Henry Adams
1838–1918 · United States
The Education of Henry Adams, The History of the United States of America 1801–1817
IQ 195
Read Article · Profile
Hermann von Helmholtz
1821–1894 · Germany
His mathematics of the eye, theories of vision, ideas on the visual perception of space, color visio
IQ 195
Read Article · Profile
Ludwig Boltzmann
1844–1906 · Austria
The development of statistical mechanics
IQ 195
Read Article · Profile
Nikola Tesla
1856–1943 · Croatia
Inventing the Tesla coil, alternating current machinery, and a transatlantic communications system.
IQ 195
Read Article · Profile
Erwin Schrödinger
1887–1961 · Austria
Schrödinger's cat
IQ 190
Read Article · Profile
Friedrich Nietzsche
1844–1900 · Germany
Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Beyond Good & Evil
IQ 190
Read Article · Profile
Henri Poincaré
1854–1912 · France
Poincaré conjecture
IQ 190
Read Article · Profile
Max Planck
1858–1947 · Germany
On the Second Principles of Mechanical Heat Theory (1879)
IQ 190
Read Article · Profile
Vilfredo Pareto
1848–1923 · Italy
The Pareto Principle
IQ 190
Read Article · Profile
Wilhelm Ostwald
1853–1932 · LV
Catalysis, Coining the term 'Mole' and HSL and HSV
IQ 190
Read Article · Profile
Alfred J. Lotka
1880–1949 · United States
The Lotka–Volterra equations
IQ 185
Read Article · Profile
Gerald Massey
1828–1907 · United Kingdom
The Ballad of Babe Christabel (1854), War Waits (1855), Havelock's March (1860), and A Tale of Etern
IQ 185
Read Article · Profile
James Clerk Maxwell
1831–1879 · Scotland
Statistical mechanics • Maxwell's equations • Displacement current • Maxwell relations
IQ 185
Read Article · Profile
Leon Winiarski
1865–1915 · Poland
Essay on Social Mechanics
IQ 185
Read Article · Profile
Percy Williams Bridgman
1882–1961 · United States
High-pressure physics • Operationalism • Operational definition
IQ 185
Read Article · Profile
Satyendra Nath Bose
1894–1974 · India
Bose–Einstein condensateBose–Einstein statisticsBose–Einstein distributionBose–Einstein correlations
IQ 185
Read Article · Profile
Sigmund Freud
1856–1939 · Austria
Psychoanalysis, including the theories of id, ego and super-ego, oedipus complex, repression, defens
IQ 185
Read Article · Profile
Thomas Edison
1847–1931 · United States
The phonograph, the motion picture camera, and early versions of the electric light bulb
IQ 185
Read Article · Profile
William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin
1824–1907 · United Kingdom
Joule–Thomson effect Thomson effect (thermoelectric) Mirror galvanometer Siphon recorder Kelvin mat
IQ 185
Read Article · Profile
Theodor Schwann
1810–1882 · Germany
Cell theory, Schwann cells, Pepsin
IQ 182
Read Article · Profile
Arthur Conan Doyle
1859–1930 · Scotland
Stories of Sherlock Holmes, The Lost World
IQ 180
Read Article · Profile
Alexander Graham Bell
1847–1922 · Scotland
Invention of the telephone.
IQ 180
Read Article · Profile
George Bernard Shaw
1856–1950 · Ireland
Man and Superman (1902) Pygmalion (1912) The Doctor's Dilemma (1906) Saint Joan (1923) Caesar an
IQ 180
Read Article · Profile
Bernhard Riemann
1826–1866 · Germany
Riemann–von Mangoldt formula, Riemann bilinear relations, Cauchy–Riemann equations, Free Riemann gas
IQ 180
Read Article · Profile
Bertrand Russell
1872–1970 · United Kingdom
IQ 180
Read Article · Profile
Charles Darwin
1809–1882 · United Kingdom
The Voyage of the Beagle • On the Origin of Species • The Descent of Man
IQ 180
Read Article · Profile
Charles Scott Sherrington
1857–1952 · England
IQ 180
Read Article · Profile
Ernst Haeckel
1834–1919 · Germany
Mapping a genealogical tree relating all life forms
IQ 180
Read Article · Profile
Francis Ysidro Edgeworth
1845–1926 · United Kingdom
Being the founding editor of The Economic Journal.
IQ 180
Read Article · Profile
Frederick Rossini
1899–1990 · United States
Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances
IQ 180
Read Article · Profile
Fyodor Dostoevsky
1821–1881 · Russia
Notes from Underground • Crime and Punishment • The Idiot • Demons • The Brothers Karamazov
IQ 180
Read Article · Profile
Heinrich Hertz
1857–1894 · Germany
Proving the existence of the electromagnetic waves
IQ 180
Read Article · Profile
Hendrik Lorentz
1853–1928 · Netherlands
Zeeman effect
IQ 180
Read Article · Profile
Ivan Pavlov
1849–1936 · Russia
Being the founder of modern behavior therapy
IQ 180
Read Article · Profile
James Anthony Froude
1818–1894 · England
History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada
IQ 180
Read Article · Profile
James Prescott Joule
1818–1889 · England
First law of thermodynamicsDisproving caloric theory
IQ 180
Read Article · Profile
John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh
1842–1919 · United Kingdom
Discovery of argon
IQ 180
Read Article · Profile
John Stuart Mill
1806–1873 · United Kingdom
On Liberty, The Subjection of Women
IQ 180
Read Article · Profile
Jorge Luis Borges
1899–1986 · Argentina
A Universal History of Infamy (1935), Ficciones (1944), El Aleph (1949), Labyrinths (1962) and The B
IQ 180
Read Article · Profile
Joseph John Thomson
1856–1940 · United Kingdom
Discovery of the electron
IQ 180
Read Article · Profile
Julius von Mayer
1814–1878 · Germany
The first law of thermodynamics and Mayer's reagent
IQ 180
Read Article · Profile
Karl Marx
1818–1883 · Germany
The fact that his teachings lead to revolutions in Russia, China, Cuba, Vietnam, and Cambodia.
IQ 180
Read Article · Profile
Lawrence Joseph Henderson
1878–1942 · United States
The Fitness of the Environment, Henderson–Hasselbalch equation
IQ 180
Read Article · Profile
Leo Tolstoy
1828–1910 · Russia
War and Peace, Anna Karenina, The Death of Ivan Ilyich, The Kingdom of God Is Within You, Resurrecti
IQ 180
Read Article · Profile
Louis de Broglie
1892–1987 · France
Wave nature of electrons • De Broglie–Bohm theoryde • Broglie wavelength
IQ 180
Read Article · Profile
Ludwig Büchner
1824–1899 · Germany
Kraft und Stoff
IQ 180
Read Article · Profile
Marie Curie
1867–1934 · Poland
Radioactivity Polonium Radium
IQ 180
Read Article · Profile
Niels Bohr
1885–1962 · Denmark
Bohr magneton • Bohr model • Bohr radius • Bohr–Einstein debates • Bohr–Kramers–Slater theory • Bohr
IQ 180
Read Article · Profile
Oliver Heaviside
1850–1925 · England
Heaviside cover-up method • Heaviside step function • Heaviside condition • Heaviside-Feynman formul
IQ 180
Read Article · Profile
Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
1881–1955 · France
Co-developing the concept of the noosphere.
IQ 180
Read Article · Profile
Søren Kierkegaard
1813–1855 · Denmark
IQ 180
Read Article · Profile
Victor Hugo
1802–1885 · France
Les Misérables • Ruy Blas • The Hunchback of Notre-Dame
IQ 180
Read Article · Profile
Macquorn Rankine
1820–1872 · United Kingdom
Rankine scale Laws of thermodynamics Rankine–Hugoniot relation
IQ 180
Read Article · Profile
Abraham Lincoln
1809–1865 · United States
16th American president Noted for his Emancipation Proclamation (1863) which ended slavery and br
IQ 175
Read Article · Profile
Alfred Russel Wallace
1823–1913 · United Kingdom
Co-discovery of natural selection, Pioneering work on biogeography, Wallace Line Wallace effect
IQ 175
Read Article · Profile
Andrew Carnegie
1835–1919 · United States
Founding and leading the Carnegie Steel Company, the Carnegie Library, Carnegie Institution for Scie
IQ 175
Read Article · Profile
Arnold Sommerfeld
1868–1951 · Germany
Being nominated for the Nobel Prize 84 times but never wining it.
IQ 175
Read Article · Profile
Dmitri Mendeleev
1834–1907 · Russia
Formulating the periodic table of chemical elements
IQ 175
Read Article · Profile
Ernst Mach
1838–1916 · Austria
Mach number • Mach's principle • Shock waves • Mach waves • Mach reflection effects • Mach band
IQ 175
Read Article · Profile
George Boole
1815–1864 · England
Laying the foundations for the information age
IQ 175
Read Article · Profile
George Gore (electrochemist)
1826–1908 · England
His research with phosphorus
IQ 175
Read Article · Profile
Gustav Kirchhoff
1824–1887 · Germany
Kirchhoff's circuit laws Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation Kirchhoff's laws of spectroscopy Ki
IQ 175
Read Article · Profile
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
1853–1926 · Netherlands
Liquid helium • Onnes-effect • Superconductivity • Virial equation of state
IQ 175
Read Article · Profile
Marcel Duchamp
1887–1968 · France
Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 (1912) • Fountain (1917) • The Bride Stripped Bare By Her Bachelo
IQ 175
Read Article · Profile
Henry Thomas Buckle
1821–1862 · United Kingdom
History of Civilisation in England
IQ 175
Read Article · Profile
Justus von Liebig
1803–1873 · Germany
Law of the Minimum and Liebig condenser
IQ 175
Read Article · Profile
Louis Pasteur
1822–1895 · France
Created the first vaccines for rabies • Cholera vaccine • Anthrax vaccines • Pasteurization
IQ 175
Read Article · Profile
Louis Agassiz
1807–1873 · Switzerland
Ice age, Polygenism
IQ 175
Read Article · Profile
Ludwig Wittgenstein
1889–1951 · Austria
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
IQ 175
Read Article · Profile
Pablo Picasso
1881–1973 · Spain
Painting, drawing, sculpture, printmaking, ceramics, stage design, writing
IQ 175
Read Article · Profile
Pitirim Sorokin
1889–1968 · Russia
Leaves of a Russian Diar
IQ 175
Read Article · Profile
R. A. Schwaller de Lubicz
1887–1961 · France
Esotericism, alternative Egyptology
IQ 175
Read Article · Profile
Richard Wagner
1813–1883 · Germany
The Ring of the Nibelung
IQ 175
Read Article · Profile
Robert Bunsen
1811–1899 · Germany
Discovery of cacodyl radical Discoveries of caesium and rubidium Discovery of use of the Bunsen burn
IQ 175
Read Article · Profile
Robert Andrews Millikan
1868–1953 · United States
Oil drop experiment measuring the charge of the electron • Photoelectric effect • Cosmic ray physics
IQ 175
Read Article · Profile
Rudolf Clausius
1822–1888 · Germany
Second law of thermodynamics • Originator of the concept of entropy • Clausius-Mossotti relation • C
IQ 175
Read Article · Profile
Margaret Fuller
1810–1850 · United States
Woman in the Nineteenth Century
IQ 175
Read Article · Profile
Srinivasa Ramanujan
1887–1920 · India
Landau–Ramanujan constant, Mock theta functions, Ramanujan conjecture, Ramanujan prime, Ramanujan–So
IQ 175
Read Article · Profile
Thomas Babington Macaulay
1800–1859 · United Kingdom
IQ 175
Read Article · Profile
Walther Nernst
1864–1941 · Germany
Third Law of Thermodynamics
IQ 175
Read Article · Profile
William Stanley Jevons
1835–1882
Marginal utility theoryJevons paradox
IQ 175
Read Article · Profile
William Kingdon Clifford
1845–1879 · United Kingdom
Clifford algebra
IQ 175
Read Article · Profile
Christian Doppler
1803–1853 · Austria
Discovering the Doppler effect
IQ 170
Read Article · Profile
David Strauss
1808–1874 · Germany
Pioneering in the historical investigation of Jesus.
IQ 170
Read Article · Profile
Émile Durkheim
1858–1917 · France
Being the architect of modern social science
IQ 170
Read Article · Profile
Edmund Husserl
1859–1938 · Germany
"Phenomenology, epoché (also bracketing, transcendental reduction, or phenomenological reduction), e
IQ 170
Read Article · Profile
Edwin Hubble
1889–1953 · United States
Hubble sequence • Hubble's law
IQ 170
Read Article · Profile
Ernest Renan
1823–1892 · France
Life of Jesus
IQ 170
Read Article · Profile
Ernest Hemingway
1899–1961 · United States
A Farewell to Arms and The Old Man and the Sea
IQ 170
Read Article · Profile
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
1807–1882 · United States
Being the first American to translate Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy
IQ 170
Read Article · Profile
Herman Hollerith
1860–1929 · United States
Electromechanical tabulation of punched card data
IQ 170
Read Article · Profile
John Dewey
1859–1952 · United States
Reforming the American educational system.
IQ 170
Read Article · Profile
John Burroughs
1837–1921 · United States
Being an active in the U.S. conservation movement.
IQ 170
Read Article · Profile
John Maynard Keynes
1883–1946 · England
Changing the theory and practice of macroeconomics and the economic policies of governments
IQ 170
Read Article · Profile
John Tyndall
1820–1893 · Ireland
Atmosphere, physics education, Tyndall effect, diamagnetism, infrared radiation, Tyndallization
IQ 170
Read Article · Profile
Ludwig Feuerbach
1804–1872 · Germany
The Essence of Christianity
IQ 170
Read Article · Profile
Max Weber
1864–1920 · Germany
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1905)
IQ 170
Read Article · Profile
Norbert Wiener
1894–1964 · United States
Cybernetics
IQ 170
Read Article · Profile
Oswald Spengler
1880–1936 · Germany
The Decline of the West
IQ 170
Read Article · Profile
Mark Twain
1835–1910 · United States
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer • Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
IQ 170
Read Article · Profile
Thomas Henry Huxley
1825–1895 · United Kingdom
Evolution, science education, agnosticism
IQ 170
Read Article · Profile
Wilder Penfield
1891–1976 · United States
Prompting memory recall during surgery via temporal lobe stimulationTreatment of epilepsy by surgery
IQ 170
Read Article · Profile
William James
1842–1910 · United States
Will to believe doctrine
IQ 170
Read Article · Profile
William Butler Yeats
1865–1939 · Ireland
Leda and the Swan
IQ 170
Read Article · Profile
Alfred de Musset
1810–1857 · France
IQ 170
Read Article · Profile
Benjamin Disraeli
1804–1881 · United Kingdom
Being elected twice as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
IQ 165
Read Article · Profile
Carl Jung
1875–1961 · Switzerland
Analytical psychology • Psychological types • Collective unconscious • Complex • Archetypes • Anima
IQ 165
Read Article · Profile
Charles Dickens
1812–1870 · England
The Pickwick Papers • Oliver Twist • Nicholas Nickleby • A Christmas Carol • David Copperfield • Ble
IQ 165
Read Article · Profile
Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve
1804–1869 · France
Port-Royal
IQ 165
Read Article · Profile
Charlotte Brontë
1816–1855 · England
Jane Eyre • Villette
IQ 165
Read Article · Profile
Évariste Galois
1811–1832 · France
Work on the theory of equations and Abelian integrals
IQ 165
Read Article · Profile
Felix Mendelssohn
1809–1847 · Germany
grandson of Moses Mendelssohn; student of Carl Zelter; Mendelssohn first appeared in concert at the
IQ 165
Read Article · Profile
Frédéric Chopin
1810–1849 · Poland
Publishing two polonaises by the age of seven
IQ 165
Read Article · Profile
Giuseppe Mazzini
1807–1872 · Italy
Italian politician, journalist, and revolutionist.
IQ 165
Read Article · Profile
Gottlob Frege
1848–1925 · Germany
Begriffsschrift (1879) • The Foundations of Arithmetic (1884) • Basic Laws of Arithmetic (1893–1903)
IQ 165
Read Article · Profile
Gregor Mendel
1822–1884 · Czech Republic
Creating the science of genetics
IQ 165
Read Article · Profile
Guglielmo Marconi
1874–1937 · Italy
Radio
IQ 165
Read Article · Profile
Gustav Fechner
1801–1887 · Germany
Weber–Fechner law
IQ 165
Read Article · Profile
Henry Ford
1863–1947 · United States
Founding and leading the Ford Motor Company
IQ 165
Read Article · Profile
Igor Stravinsky
1882–1971 · Russia
The Firebird (1910), Petrushka (1911), and The Rite of Spring (1913)
IQ 165
Read Article · Profile
Johannes Brahms
1833–1897 · Germany
Hungarian Dance No. 5
IQ 165
Read Article · Profile
John Henry Newman
1801–1890 · United Kingdom
Anglican priest, poet, and theologian.
IQ 165
Read Article · Profile
Joseph Lister
1827–1912 · United Kingdom
Surgical sterile techniques
IQ 165
Read Article · Profile
Karl Pearson
1857–1936 · England
Common Sense of the Exact Sciences and History of the Theory of Elasticity
IQ 165
Read Article · Profile
Lise Meitner
1878–1968 · Austria
Discovery of protactinium Discovery of nuclear fission
IQ 165
Read Article · Profile
Martin Heidegger
1889–1976 · Germany
Being and Time (1927)
IQ 165
Read Article · Profile
Wright brothers
1867–1948 · United States
Inventing, building, and flying the world's first successful motor-operated airplane, the Wright Fly
IQ 165
Read Article · Profile
Giuseppe Verdi
1813–1901 · Italy
1. Aida 2. Chorus of the Hebrew Slaves from Nabucco 3. La Donna è Mobile from Rigoletto 4. La
IQ 165
Read Article · Profile
Antoni Gaudí
1852–1926 · Spain
Sagrada Família • Organic Architecture • Innovative Structural Techniques • Symbolism and
IQ 165
Read Article · Profile
Ada Lovelace
1815–1852 · United Kingdom
The mother of computing science; contributed to the first published computer program; was the first
IQ 160
Read Article · Profile
Albert Einstein
1879–1955 · Germany
Einstein’s theories of special & general relativity delivered a remarkable transformation in our und
IQ 160
Read Article · Profile
Alfred Wegener
1880–1930 · Germany
Continental drift theory.
IQ 160
Read Article · Profile
Charles Sumner
1811–1874 · United States
American politician, lawyer, and senator.
IQ 160
Read Article · Profile
Claude Bernard
1813–1878 · France
Physiology
IQ 160
Read Article · Profile
Elizabeth Gaskell
1810–1865 · England
Cranford (1851–53), North and South (1854–55), and Wives and Daughters (1865)
IQ 160
Read Article · Profile
Frederick Douglass
1818–1895 · United States
Being a proponent of abolishing slavery and giving women the right to vote
IQ 160
Read Article · Profile
George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon
1800–1870 · United Kingdom
Being British representative at the Congress of Paris which ended the Crimean War.
IQ 160
Read Article · Profile
George Sand
1804–1876 · France
IQ 160
Read Article · Profile
George Eliot
1819–1880 · England
The Mill on the Floss (1860) • Silas Marner (1861) • Romola (1862–1863) • Middlemarch (1871–72) • Da
IQ 160
Read Article · Profile
Harriet Martineau
1802–1876 · United Kingdom
Illustrations of Political Economy (1834) • Society in America (1837) • Deerbrook (1839) • The Hour
IQ 160
Read Article · Profile
Henry David Thoreau
1817–1862 · United States
Walden
IQ 160
Read Article · Profile
Léon Foucault
1819–1868 · France
Foucault pendulum • Foucault's currents • Foucault knife-edge test • Fizeau–Foucault apparatus • Gyr
IQ 160
Read Article · Profile
Hector Berlioz
1803–1869 · France
Symphonie fantastique and Harold in Italy
IQ 160
Read Article · Profile
Mahatma Gandhi
1869–1948 · India
Indian Independence Movement and Nonviolent resistance
IQ 160
Read Article · Profile
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
1840–1893 · Russia
IQ 160
Read Article · Profile
Philip Stanhope, 5th Earl Stanhope
1805–1875 · England
Contributions to cultural causes and for his historical writings
IQ 160
Read Article · Profile
Sergei Rachmaninoff
1873–1943 · Russia
IQ 160
Read Article · Profile
Sofya Kovalevskaya
1850–1891 · Russia
Cauchy–Kowalevski theorem and Kovalevskaya top
IQ 156
Read Article · Profile
Edward Bulwer-Lytton
1803–1873 · England
Vril: the Power of the Coming Race
IQ 155
Read Article · Profile
E. A. Wallis Budge
1857–1934 · United Kingdom
A History of Egypt from the End of the Neolithic Period to the Death of Cleopatra VII, B.C. 30: Egy
IQ 155
Read Article · Profile
Hugh Miller
1802–1856 · Scotland
One of Scotland's most influential Victorian palaeontologists
IQ 155
Read Article · Profile
Léon Gambetta
1838–1882 · France
IQ 155
Read Article · Profile
Maria Montessori
1870–1952 · Italy
Founder of the Montessori method of education
IQ 155
Read Article · Profile
Nathaniel Hawthorne
1804–1864 · United States
Twice-Told Tales (1837–1842) • The Scarlet Letter (1850) • The House of the Seven Gables (1851)
IQ 155
Read Article · Profile
Orestes Brownson
1803–1876 · United States
IQ 155
Read Article · Profile
Otto Weininger
1880–1903 · Germany
Sex and Character
IQ 155
Read Article · Profile
Ralph Waldo Emerson
1803–1882 · United States
Essays: First Series (1841) and Essays: Second Series (1844)
IQ 155
Read Article · Profile
Richard Cobden
1804–1865 · United Kingdom
Member of the Anti-Corn Law League and peace campaigner
IQ 155
Read Article · Profile
Robert Koch
1843–1910 · Germany
Bacterial culture method • Koch's postulates • Germ theory • Discovery of anthrax bacillus • Discove
IQ 155
Read Article · Profile
Theodore Roosevelt
1858–1919 · United States
Being the 26th president of the United States
IQ 155
Read Article · Profile
Woodrow Wilson
1856–1924 · United States
Used Darwinian evolution logic as a logic platform in his presidency.
IQ 155
Read Article · Profile
William H. Seward
1801–1872 · United States
Negotiating the Alaska Purchase
IQ 155
Read Article · Profile
Franklin D. Roosevelt
1882–1945 · United States
Being the 32nd President of the United States
IQ 151
Read Article · Profile
Alfred M. Mayer
1836–1897 · United States
Experiments with sound.
IQ 150
Read Article · Profile
Clive Staples Lewis
1898–1963 · United Kingdom
The Chronicles of Narnia • Mere Christianity • The Allegory of Love • The Screwtape Letters • The Sp
IQ 150
Read Article · Profile
Frederick Matthias Alexander
1869–1955 · Australia
Alexander technique
IQ 150
Read Article · Profile
John Bright
1811–1889 · United Kingdom
IQ 150
Read Article · Profile
Joseph Leidy
1823–1891 · United States
One of fabled "last persons to know everything"
IQ 150
Read Article · Profile
Thorstein Veblen
1857–1929 · United States
The Theory of the Leisure Class
IQ 150
Read Article · Profile
William Makepeace Thackeray
1811–1863 · United Kingdom
Vanity Fair, The Luck of Barry Lyndon
IQ 150
Read Article · Profile
Martha Graham
1894–1991 · United States
Dance and choreography
IQ 148
Read Article · Profile
Edgar Allan Poe
1809–1849 · United States
American writer, editor, and literary critic; best-known for his poem “The Raven” (1845) noted for i
IQ 145
Read Article · Profile
Francis Galton
1822–1911 · United Kingdom
Galton board • Galton distribution • Galton–Watson process • Galton's problem • Galton's whistle
IQ 145
Read Article · Profile
F. Scott Fitzgerald
1896–1940 · United States
The Great Gatsby (1925) and Tender Is the Night (1934)
IQ 145
Read Article · Profile
Hans Christian Andersen
1805–1875 · Denmark
"The Little Mermaid" • "The Ugly Duckling" • "The Emperor's New Clothes" • "The Little Match Girl"
IQ 145
Read Article · Profile
Hippolyte Taine
1828–1893
Being a major proponent of sociological positivism and one of the first practitioners of historicist
IQ 145
Read Article · Profile
Jay Gould
1836–1892 · United States
Being one of America's most infamous financial speculators
IQ 145
Read Article · Profile
Robert Frost
1874–1963 · United States
A Boy's Will, North of Boston
IQ 145
Read Article · Profile
William Lloyd Garrison
1805–1879 · United States
Editor of The Liberator
IQ 145
Read Article · Profile
William Tecumseh Sherman
1820–1891 · United States
American general.
IQ 145
Read Article · Profile
Charlie Spencer Chaplin
1889–1977 · England
The Great Dictator (1940) • Modern Times (1936) • City Lights (1931) • The Kid (1921)
IQ 140
Read Article · Profile
Giuseppe Garibaldi
1807–1882 · Italy
Italian general, politician and nationalist.
IQ 140
Read Article · Profile
Robert E. Lee
1807–1870 · United States
American general.
IQ 140
Read Article · Profile
Alexander Fleming
1881–1955 · Scotland
Discovery of penicillin and Lysozyme
Read Article · Profile
Alexandre Dumas
1802–1870 · France
The Three Musketeers (1844), The Count of Monte Cristo (1844–1845)
Read Article · Profile
Alfred Nobel
1833–1896 · Sweden
Benefactor of the Nobel Prize, inventor of dynamite
Read Article · Profile
Alfred, Lord Tennyson
1809–1892 · England
'In Memoriam,' 'The Charge of the Light Brigade' and 'Idylls of the King'.
Read Article · Profile
Anton Chekhov
1860–1904 · Russia
Three Sisters, The Cherry Orchard and Uncle Vanya.
Read Article · Profile
Arthur Compton
1892–1962 · United States
Compton scattering • Compton wavelength • Compton–Getting effect • Compton generator
Read Article · Profile
Auguste Rodin
1840–1917 · France
The statue of The Thinker
Read Article · Profile
Camille Saint-Saëns
1835–1921 · France
Giving his first public recital at age five
Read Article · Profile
Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour
1810–1861 · Italy
Being a leading figure in the movement towards Italian unification.
Read Article · Profile
Carl Filtsch
1830–1845 · Romania
Composed concerto at thirteen; died at age fourteen
Read Article · Profile
C. V. Raman
1888–1970 · India
Raman effect
Read Article · Profile
Charles Glover Barkla
1877–1944 · United Kingdom
X-ray scattering • X-ray spectroscopy
Read Article · Profile
Charles Nicolle
1866–1936 · France
Identifying lice as the transmitter of epidemic typhus.
Read Article · Profile
Charles-Valentin Alkan
1813–1888 · France
Entered Paris Conservatoire at age 5, youngest ever admission.
Read Article · Profile
Felix Klein
1849–1925 · Germany
Erlangen program • Klein bottle • Beltrami–Klein model • Klein's Encyclopedia of Mathematical Scienc
Read Article · Profile
Clarence Darrow
1857–1938 · United States
The Scopes "Monkey" Trial
Read Article · Profile
Claude Monet
1840–1926 · France
Painter
Read Article · Profile
David Hilbert
1862–1943 · Germany
Hilbert's basis theorem • Hilbert's axioms • Hilbert's problems • Hilbert's program • Einstein–Hil
Read Article · Profile
David Livingstone
1813–1873 · Scotland
Spreading of the gospel, exploration of Africa, and meeting with Henry Stanley.
Read Article · Profile
Elizabeth Blackwell
1821–1910 · England
The first woman to qualify as a physician in America; founder of America’s first medical school for
Read Article · Profile
Emmy Noether
1882–1935 · Germany
Abstract algebra • Theoretical physics • Noether's theorem • Noetherian ring • Lasker–Noether theore
Read Article · Profile
Erich Wolfgang Korngold
1897–1957 · Austria
Operas, movie scores, symphonic and chamber music
Read Article · Profile
Ernest Rutherford
1871–1937 · New Zealand
Discovery of alpha and beta radioactivity • Discovery of atomic nucleus (Rutherford model) • Rutherf
Read Article · Profile
Florence Nightingale
1820–1910 · England
Pioneering modern nursing
Read Article · Profile
Franz Liszt
1811–1886 · Hungary
Performed first major concert at age eleven and was already an accomplished concert pianist by the a
Read Article · Profile
Franz Kafka
1883–1924 · Czech Republic
The Metamorphosis • The Trial • The Judgment • The Castle • Contemplation • A Hunger Artist • Letter
Read Article · Profile
Fritz Albert Lipmann
1899–1986 · Germany
Co-discoverer in 1945 of coenzyme A
Read Article · Profile
George Washington Carver
1860–1943 · United Kingdom
Improved the agricultural economy of the United States by promoting nitrogen-providing peanuts as an
Read Article · Profile
George de Hevesy
1885–1966 · Hungary
HafniumRadioactive tracer
Read Article · Profile
Georges Bizet
1838–1874 · France
Carmen
Read Article · Profile
Georges Lemaître
1894–1966 · Belgium
Theory of the expansion of the universeBig Bang theoryLemaître coordinates
Read Article · Profile
Harold Urey
1893–1981 · United States
Discovery of deuterium and Miller–Urey experiment
Read Article · Profile
Henri Matisse
1869–1954 · France
Woman with a Hat (1905) • The Joy of Life (1906) • Nu bleu (1907) • La Danse (1909) • L'Atelier Roug
Read Article · Profile
Henrietta Swan Leavitt
1868–1921 · United States
Leavitt's law: the period-luminosity relationship for Cepheid variables
Read Article · Profile
Henry Moseley
1887–1915 · United Kingdom
Atomic number, Moseley's law
Read Article · Profile
Henry B. Guppy
1854–1926 · United Kingdom
Discovering several species of animals
Read Article · Profile
Hermann Staudinger
1881–1965 · Germany
Polymer chemistry
Read Article · Profile
Howard Florey
b. 1898 · Australia
Discovery of penicillin's properties
Read Article · Profile
Inge Lehmann
1888–1993 · Denmark
Analyzed earthquake waves to discover that within our planet’s liquid core, at the earth’s center, t
Read Article · Profile
Irène Joliot-Curie
1897–1956 · France
Co-discovered how to convert stable chemical elements into ‘designer’ radioactive elements; these ha
Read Article · Profile
Isambard Kingdom Brunel
1806–1859 · United Kingdom
Building the Great Western Railway
Read Article · Profile
Ivan Turgenev
1818–1883 · Russia
A Sportsman's Sketches • Home of the Gentry • Fathers and Sons • A Month in the Country
Read Article · Profile
J Harlen Bretz
1882–1981 · United States
Missoula Floods hypothesis, overturning uniformitarianism
Read Article · Profile
James Croll
1821–1890 · Scotland
Provided the first mechanism accounting for ice ages; said climate change is caused by periodic chan
Read Article · Profile
Joan Miró
1893–1983 · Spain
Painting, sculpture, mural and ceramics
Read Article · Profile
John Cockcroft
1897–1967 · United Kingdom
Splitting the atom
Read Article · Profile
Josef Hofmann
1876–1957 · United States
Being probably the first pianist of note to record on Edison's phonograph
Read Article · Profile
Joseph Joachim
1831–1907 · Hungary
Joachim Quartet
Read Article · Profile
Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga
1806–1826 · Spain
Composed a two-act opera at age thirteen
Read Article · Profile
Karl Landsteiner
1868–1943 · Austria
Development of blood group system, discovery of Rh factor, discovery of poliovirus
Read Article · Profile
Lawrence Bragg
1890–1971 · Australia
X-ray diffractionX-ray spectroscopyX-ray microscopyBubble raftBragg's lawBragg-Gray cavity theoryBra
Read Article · Profile
Leo Ornstein
1895–2002 · United States
Enterin Saint Petersburg Conservatory at age ten
Read Article · Profile
Lili Boulanger
1893–1918 · France
Attended Louis Vierne's organ classes at the Paris Conservatoire at age six
Read Article · Profile
Matthew Fontaine Maury
1806–1873 · United States
The Physical Geography of the Sea (1855)
Read Article · Profile
Milutin Milanković
1879–1958 · CS
Insolation, Milankovitch cycles
Read Article · Profile
Nettie Stevens
1861–1912 · United States
XY sex-determination system
Read Article · Profile
Nikolai Gogol
1809–1852 · Ukraine
Read Article · Profile
Sergei Prokofiev
1891–1953 · Ukraine
Composed an opera at age nine
Read Article · Profile
Oswald Avery
1877–1955 · Canada
Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment DNA transmits heredity
Read Article · Profile
Paul Cézanne
1839–1906 · France
Mont Sainte-Victoire (1885–1906) • Apothéose de Delacroix (1890–1894) • Rideau, Cruchon et Compotier
Read Article · Profile
Percival Lowell
1855–1916 · United States
Martian canals, Asteroids discovered: 793 Arizona (April 9, 1907)
Read Article · Profile
Paul Broca
1824–1880 · France
Discovering that Broca's area of the brain is involved with language.
Read Article · Profile
Pyotr Kapitsa
1894–1984 · Russia
Superfluidity and Kapitza's pendulum
Read Article · Profile
Robert G. Ingersoll
1833–1899 · United States
Defending agnosticism.
Read Article · Profile
Ronald Fisher
1890–1962 · United Kingdom
Fisher's principle, Fisher information, Invented experimental design, devised the statistical concep
Read Article · Profile
Rudolf Virchow
1821–1902 · Germany
Cell theory • Cellular pathology br> Biogenesis br> Virchow's triad
Read Article · Profile
Santiago Ramón y Cajal
1852–1934 · Spain
Fathering modern neuroscience • Discovery of the neuron • Neuron doctrine • Growth cone • Dendritic
Read Article · Profile
Selman Waksman
1888–1973 · Ukraine
Discovered antibiotics made by soil-dwelling bacteria including streptomycin, the first effective tr
Read Article · Profile
Sergei Winogradsky
1856–1953 · Russia
Nitrogen cycle • Chemoautotrophy • Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria
Read Article · Profile
Truman Henry Safford
1836–1901 · United States
Calculating prodigy
Read Article · Profile
Vincent van Gogh
1853–1890 · Netherlands
The Potato Eaters (1885) Sunflowers (1887) Bedroom in Arles (1888) The Starry Night (1889) Portr
Read Article · Profile
Virginia Woolf
1882–1941 · England
Mrs Dalloway (1925) • To the Lighthouse (1927) • Orlando (1928) • A Room of One's Own (1929) • The W
Read Article · Profile
Wassily Kandinsky
1866–1944 · Russia
Yellow-Red-Blue
Read Article · Profile
Josiah Willard Gibbs
1839–1903 · United States
Creating statistical mechanics
Read Article · Profile
William Henry Perkin
1838–1907
Aniline dye, mauveine, Perkin triangle
Read Article · Profile
William Ramsay
1852–1916
Discovering noble gases
Read Article · Profile
William Armstrong Fairburn
1876–1947 · United States
English-born American naval architect, marine engineer, chemical engineer, and industrial executive;
Read Article · Profile
Zerah Colburn
1804–1839 · United States
Mental calculator; child prodigy
Read Article · Profile
James Chadwick
1891–1974 · United Kingdom
Discovery of the neutron • MAUD Committee Report • Manhattan Project
Read Article · Profile
Winston Churchill
1874–1965 · United Kingdom
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945, during the Second World War, and again from
Read Article · Profile
Ulysses S. Grant
1822–1885 · United States
Read Article · Profile
Vincenzo Bellini
1801–1835 · Italy
Norma • La Sonnambula • I Puritani
Read Article · Profile
David Farragut
1801–1870 · United States
The phrase "Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead"
Read Article · Profile
Herbert George Wells
1866–1946 · United Kingdom
The Time Machine • The Invisible Man • The War of the Worlds • The Island of Doctor Moreau
Read Article · Profile
Philip Sheridan
1831–1888 · United States
Defeating Robert E. Lee and the South during the Civil War in the United States.
Read Article · Profile
M. C. Escher
1898–1972 · Netherlands
Drawing, printmaking
Read Article · Profile
James Henry Pullen
1835–1916 · England
Read Article · Profile
Clara Schumann
1819–1896 · Germany
The Piano Concerto in A minor, Op. 7
Read Article · Profile
Benjamin Bradley (inventor)
1836–1904 · United States
Creating the first boat steam engine
Read Article · Profile
Jagadish Chandra Bose
1858–1937 · India
Millimeter waves • Radio Crescograph • Contributions to plant biology • Crystal radio • Crystal dete
Read Article · Profile
Anne Brontë
1820–1849 · United Kingdom
The Tenant of Wildfell Hall
Read Article · Profile
Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi
1804–1851 · Germany
Jacobi's elliptic functions Jacobian Jacobi symbol Jacobi ellipsoid Jacobi polynomials Jacobi
Read Article · Profile
Niels Henrik Abel
1802–1829 · Norway
Abel's binomial theorem • Abel equation • Abel equation of the first kindAbelian extension • A
Read Article · Profile
Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet
1805–1859 · Germany
See full list
Read Article · Profile
Tatyana Afanasyeva
1876–1964 · Ukraine
Read Article · Profile
L. L. Zamenhof
1859–1917 · Poland
.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;
Read Article · Profile
Manuel António Gomes
1868–1933 · Portugal
Read Article · Profile

Explore More Lists

Geniuses Who Died Young (43)Female Geniuses Throughout History (92)Nobel Prize-Winning Geniuses (88)Ancient Geniuses (74)Renaissance Geniuses (95)Living Geniuses Today (207)Geniuses with the Highest IQ Scores (16)Polymath Geniuses (151)

Frequently Asked Questions

How many geniuses were born in the 19th Century?

Geniuses.Club features 282 geniuses born during the 19th Century.

DER KOSTENLOSE TEST
Wie hoch ist Ihrer?

Zwanzig Fragen, acht Minuten auf der Uhr und ein Perzentil, gemessen an allen bisherigen Teilnehmern. Ohne Anmeldung.

IQ-Test starten →

Who was the greatest genius of the 19th Century?

The 19th Century produced many extraordinary minds. Explore the full list to discover who made the greatest impact.

What major fields emerged in the 19th Century?

The 19th Century saw transformative developments across science, mathematics, art, philosophy, and technology.

Discover history's greatest minds — biographies, IQ scores, quotes, and more.

Explore All 1,100+ Geniuses →