How many geniuses were born in the 19th Century?

Geniuses.Club features 282 geniuses born during the 19th Century.

Who was the greatest genius of the 19th Century?

The 19th Century produced many extraordinary minds. Explore the full list to discover who made the greatest impact.

What major fields emerged in the 19th Century?

The 19th Century saw transformative developments across science, mathematics, art, philosophy, and technology.

19th Century Geniuses | Geniuses.Club

William James Sidis

1898–1944 · United States

The Animate And The Inanimate

IQ 250

Read Article · Profile

Gilbert N. Lewis

1875–1946 · United States

Covalent bondLewis dot structuresValence bond theoryElectronic theory of acids and basesChemical the

IQ 195

Read Article · Profile

Henry Adams

1838–1918 · United States

The Education of Henry Adams, The History of the United States of America 1801–1817

IQ 195

Read Article · Profile

Hermann von Helmholtz

1821–1894 · Germany

His mathematics of the eye, theories of vision, ideas on the visual perception of space, color visio

IQ 195

Read Article · Profile

Ludwig Boltzmann

1844–1906 · Austria

The development of statistical mechanics

IQ 195

Read Article · Profile

Nikola Tesla

1856–1943 · Croatia

Inventing the Tesla coil, alternating current machinery, and a transatlantic communications system.

IQ 195

Read Article · Profile

Read Article · Profile

Friedrich Nietzsche

1844–1900 · Germany

Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Beyond Good & Evil

IQ 190

Read Article · Profile

Read Article · Profile

Max Planck

1858–1947 · Germany

On the Second Principles of Mechanical Heat Theory (1879)

IQ 190

Read Article · Profile

Read Article · Profile

Wilhelm Ostwald

1853–1932 · LV

Catalysis, Coining the term 'Mole' and HSL and HSV

IQ 190

Read Article · Profile

Alfred J. Lotka

1880–1949 · United States

The Lotka–Volterra equations

IQ 185

Read Article · Profile

Gerald Massey

1828–1907 · United Kingdom

The Ballad of Babe Christabel (1854), War Waits (1855), Havelock's March (1860), and A Tale of Etern

IQ 185

Read Article · Profile

James Clerk Maxwell

1831–1879 · Scotland

Statistical mechanics Maxwell's equations Displacement current Maxwell relations

IQ 185

Read Article · Profile

Leon Winiarski

1865–1915 · Poland

Essay on Social Mechanics

IQ 185

Read Article · Profile

Percy Williams Bridgman

1882–1961 · United States

High-pressure physics Operationalism Operational definition

IQ 185

Read Article · Profile

Satyendra Nath Bose

1894–1974 · India

Bose–Einstein condensateBose–Einstein statisticsBose–Einstein distributionBose–Einstein correlations

IQ 185

Read Article · Profile

Sigmund Freud

1856–1939 · Austria

Psychoanalysis, including the theories of id, ego and super-ego, oedipus complex, repression, defens

IQ 185

Read Article · Profile

Thomas Edison

1847–1931 · United States

The phonograph, the motion picture camera, and early versions of the electric light bulb

IQ 185

Read Article · Profile

William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin

1824–1907 · United Kingdom

Joule–Thomson effect Thomson effect (thermoelectric) Mirror galvanometer Siphon recorder Kelvin mat

IQ 185

Read Article · Profile

Theodor Schwann

1810–1882 · Germany

Cell theory, Schwann cells, Pepsin

IQ 182

Read Article · Profile

Arthur Conan Doyle

1859–1930 · Scotland

Stories of Sherlock Holmes, The Lost World

IQ 180

Read Article · Profile

Alexander Graham Bell

1847–1922 · Scotland

Invention of the telephone.

IQ 180

Read Article · Profile

George Bernard Shaw

1856–1950 · Ireland

Man and Superman (1902) Pygmalion (1912) The Doctor's Dilemma (1906) Saint Joan (1923) Caesar an

IQ 180

Read Article · Profile

Bernhard Riemann

1826–1866 · Germany

Riemann–von Mangoldt formula, Riemann bilinear relations, Cauchy–Riemann equations, Free Riemann gas

IQ 180

Read Article · Profile

Bertrand Russell

1872–1970 · United Kingdom

IQ 180

Read Article · Profile

Charles Darwin

1809–1882 · United Kingdom

The Voyage of the Beagle On the Origin of Species The Descent of Man

IQ 180

Read Article · Profile

Charles Scott Sherrington

1857–1952 · England

IQ 180

Read Article · Profile

Ernst Haeckel

1834–1919 · Germany

Mapping a genealogical tree relating all life forms

IQ 180

Read Article · Profile

Francis Ysidro Edgeworth

1845–1926 · United Kingdom

Being the founding editor of The Economic Journal.

IQ 180

Read Article · Profile

Frederick Rossini

1899–1990 · United States

Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances

IQ 180

Read Article · Profile

Fyodor Dostoevsky

1821–1881 · Russia

Notes from Underground Crime and Punishment The Idiot Demons The Brothers Karama

IQ 180

Read Article · Profile

Heinrich Hertz

1857–1894 · Germany

Proving the existence of the electromagnetic waves

IQ 180

Read Article · Profile

Hendrik Lorentz

1853–1928 · Netherlands

Zeeman effect

IQ 180

Read Article · Profile

Ivan Pavlov

1849–1936 · Russia

Being the founder of modern behavior therapy

IQ 180

Read Article · Profile

James Anthony Froude

1818–1894 · England

History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada

IQ 180

Read Article · Profile

James Prescott Joule

1818–1889 · England

First law of thermodynamicsDisproving caloric theory

IQ 180

Read Article · Profile

John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh

1842–1919 · United Kingdom

Discovery of argon

IQ 180

Read Article · Profile

John Stuart Mill

1806–1873 · United Kingdom

On Liberty, The Subjection of Women

IQ 180

Read Article · Profile

Jorge Luis Borges

1899–1986 · Argentina

A Universal History of Infamy (1935), Ficciones (1944), El Aleph (1949), Labyrinths (1962) and The B

IQ 180

Read Article · Profile

Joseph John Thomson

1856–1940 · United Kingdom

Discovery of the electron

IQ 180

Read Article · Profile

Julius von Mayer

1814–1878 · Germany

The first law of thermodynamics and Mayer's reagent

IQ 180

Read Article · Profile

Karl Marx

1818–1883 · Germany

The fact that his teachings lead to revolutions in Russia, China, Cuba, Vietnam, and Cambodia.

IQ 180

Read Article · Profile

Lawrence Joseph Henderson

1878–1942 · United States

The Fitness of the Environment, Henderson–Hasselbalch equation

IQ 180

Read Article · Profile

Leo Tolstoy

1828–1910 · Russia

War and Peace, Anna Karenina, The Death of Ivan Ilyich, The Kingdom of God Is Within You, Resurrecti

IQ 180

Read Article · Profile

Louis de Broglie

1892–1987 · France

Wave nature of electrons De Broglie–Bohm theoryde Broglie wavelength

IQ 180

Read Article · Profile

Read Article · Profile

Marie Curie

1867–1934 · Poland

Radioactivity Polonium Radium

IQ 180

Read Article · Profile

Niels Bohr

1885–1962 · Denmark

Bohr magneton Bohr model Bohr radius Bohr–Einstein debates Bohr–Kramers–Slater t

IQ 180

Read Article · Profile

Oliver Heaviside

1850–1925 · England

Heaviside cover-up method Heaviside step function Heaviside condition Heaviside-Feynm

IQ 180

Read Article · Profile

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin

1881–1955 · France

Co-developing the concept of the noosphere.

IQ 180

Read Article · Profile

Søren Kierkegaard

1813–1855 · Denmark

IQ 180

Read Article · Profile

Victor Hugo

1802–1885 · France

Les Misérables Ruy Blas The Hunchback of Notre-Dame

IQ 180

Read Article · Profile

Macquorn Rankine

1820–1872 · United Kingdom

Rankine scale Laws of thermodynamics Rankine–Hugoniot relation

IQ 180

Read Article · Profile

Abraham Lincoln

1809–1865 · United States

16th American president Noted for his Emancipation Proclamation (1863) which ended slavery and br

IQ 175

Read Article · Profile

Alfred Russel Wallace

1823–1913 · United Kingdom

Co-discovery of natural selection, Pioneering work on biogeography, Wallace Line Wallace effect

IQ 175

Read Article · Profile

Andrew Carnegie

1835–1919 · United States

Founding and leading the Carnegie Steel Company, the Carnegie Library, Carnegie Institution for Scie

IQ 175

Read Article · Profile

Arnold Sommerfeld

1868–1951 · Germany

Being nominated for the Nobel Prize 84 times but never wining it.

IQ 175

Read Article · Profile

Dmitri Mendeleev

1834–1907 · Russia

Formulating the periodic table of chemical elements

IQ 175

Read Article · Profile

Ernst Mach

1838–1916 · Austria

Mach number Mach's principle Shock waves Mach waves Mach reflection effects

IQ 175

Read Article · Profile

George Boole

1815–1864 · England

Laying the foundations for the information age

IQ 175

Read Article · Profile

George Gore (electrochemist)

1826–1908 · England

His research with phosphorus

IQ 175

Read Article · Profile

Gustav Kirchhoff

1824–1887 · Germany

Kirchhoff's circuit laws Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation Kirchhoff's laws of spectroscopy Ki

IQ 175

Read Article · Profile

Heike Kamerlingh Onnes

1853–1926 · Netherlands

Liquid helium Onnes-effect Superconductivity Virial equation of state

IQ 175

Read Article · Profile

Marcel Duchamp

1887–1968 · France

Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 (1912) Fountain (1917) The Bride Stripped Bare By Her B

IQ 175

Read Article · Profile

Henry Thomas Buckle

1821–1862 · United Kingdom

History of Civilisation in England

IQ 175

Read Article · Profile

Justus von Liebig

1803–1873 · Germany

Law of the Minimum and Liebig condenser

IQ 175

Read Article · Profile

Louis Pasteur

1822–1895 · France

Created the first vaccines for rabies Cholera vaccine Anthrax vaccines Pasteurization

IQ 175

Read Article · Profile

Louis Agassiz

1807–1873 · Switzerland

Ice age, Polygenism

IQ 175

Read Article · Profile

Ludwig Wittgenstein

1889–1951 · Austria

Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus

IQ 175

Read Article · Profile

Pablo Picasso

1881–1973 · Spain

Painting, drawing, sculpture, printmaking, ceramics, stage design, writing

IQ 175

Read Article · Profile

Pitirim Sorokin

1889–1968 · Russia

Leaves of a Russian Diar

IQ 175

Read Article · Profile

R. A. Schwaller de Lubicz

1887–1961 · France

Esotericism, alternative Egyptology

IQ 175

Read Article · Profile

Richard Wagner

1813–1883 · Germany

The Ring of the Nibelung

IQ 175

Read Article · Profile

Robert Bunsen

1811–1899 · Germany

Discovery of cacodyl radical Discoveries of caesium and rubidium Discovery of use of the Bunsen burn

IQ 175

Read Article · Profile

Robert Andrews Millikan

1868–1953 · United States

Oil drop experiment measuring the charge of the electron Photoelectric effect Cosmic ray p

IQ 175

Read Article · Profile

Rudolf Clausius

1822–1888 · Germany

Second law of thermodynamics Originator of the concept of entropy Clausius-Mossotti relati

IQ 175

Read Article · Profile

Margaret Fuller

1810–1850 · United States

Woman in the Nineteenth Century

IQ 175

Read Article · Profile

Srinivasa Ramanujan

1887–1920 · India

Landau–Ramanujan constant, Mock theta functions, Ramanujan conjecture, Ramanujan prime, Ramanujan–So

IQ 175

Read Article · Profile

Thomas Babington Macaulay

1800–1859 · United Kingdom

IQ 175

Read Article · Profile

Walther Nernst

1864–1941 · Germany

Third Law of Thermodynamics

IQ 175

Read Article · Profile

William Stanley Jevons

1835–1882

Marginal utility theoryJevons paradox

IQ 175

Read Article · Profile

William Kingdon Clifford

1845–1879 · United Kingdom

Clifford algebra

IQ 175

Read Article · Profile

Christian Doppler

1803–1853 · Austria

Discovering the Doppler effect

IQ 170

Read Article · Profile

David Strauss

1808–1874 · Germany

Pioneering in the historical investigation of Jesus.

IQ 170

Read Article · Profile

Émile Durkheim

1858–1917 · France

Being the architect of modern social science

IQ 170

Read Article · Profile

Edmund Husserl

1859–1938 · Germany

"Phenomenology, epoché (also bracketing, transcendental reduction, or phenomenological reduction), e

IQ 170

Read Article · Profile

Edwin Hubble

1889–1953 · United States

Hubble sequence Hubble's law

IQ 170

Read Article · Profile

Read Article · Profile

Ernest Hemingway

1899–1961 · United States

A Farewell to Arms and The Old Man and the Sea

IQ 170

Read Article · Profile

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

1807–1882 · United States

Being the first American to translate Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy

IQ 170

Read Article · Profile

Herman Hollerith

1860–1929 · United States

Electromechanical tabulation of punched card data

IQ 170

Read Article · Profile

John Dewey

1859–1952 · United States

Reforming the American educational system.

IQ 170

Read Article · Profile

John Burroughs

1837–1921 · United States

Being an active in the U.S. conservation movement.

IQ 170

Read Article · Profile

John Maynard Keynes

1883–1946 · England

Changing the theory and practice of macroeconomics and the economic policies of governments

IQ 170

Read Article · Profile

John Tyndall

1820–1893 · Ireland

Atmosphere, physics education, Tyndall effect, diamagnetism, infrared radiation, Tyndallization

IQ 170

Read Article · Profile

Ludwig Feuerbach

1804–1872 · Germany

The Essence of Christianity

IQ 170

Read Article · Profile

Max Weber

1864–1920 · Germany

The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1905)

IQ 170

Read Article · Profile

Norbert Wiener

1894–1964 · United States

Cybernetics

IQ 170

Read Article · Profile

Oswald Spengler

1880–1936 · Germany

The Decline of the West

IQ 170

Read Article · Profile

Mark Twain

1835–1910 · United States

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

IQ 170

Read Article · Profile

Thomas Henry Huxley

1825–1895 · United Kingdom

Evolution, science education, agnosticism

IQ 170

Read Article · Profile

Wilder Penfield

1891–1976 · United States

Prompting memory recall during surgery via temporal lobe stimulationTreatment of epilepsy by surgery

IQ 170

Read Article · Profile

William James

1842–1910 · United States

Will to believe doctrine

IQ 170

Read Article · Profile

Read Article · Profile

Alfred de Musset

1810–1857 · France

IQ 170

Read Article · Profile

Benjamin Disraeli

1804–1881 · United Kingdom

Being elected twice as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

IQ 165

Read Article · Profile

Carl Jung

1875–1961 · Switzerland

Analytical psychology Psychological types Collective unconscious Complex Archety

IQ 165

Read Article · Profile

Charles Dickens

1812–1870 · England

The Pickwick Papers Oliver Twist Nicholas Nickleby A Christmas Carol David Coppe

IQ 165

Read Article · Profile

Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve

1804–1869 · France

Port-Royal

IQ 165

Read Article · Profile

Read Article · Profile

Évariste Galois

1811–1832 · France

Work on the theory of equations and Abelian integrals

IQ 165

Read Article · Profile

Felix Mendelssohn

1809–1847 · Germany

grandson of Moses Mendelssohn; student of Carl Zelter; Mendelssohn first appeared in concert at the

IQ 165

Read Article · Profile

Frédéric Chopin

1810–1849 · Poland

Publishing two polonaises by the age of seven

IQ 165

Read Article · Profile

Giuseppe Mazzini

1807–1872 · Italy

Italian politician, journalist, and revolutionist.

IQ 165

Read Article · Profile

Gottlob Frege

1848–1925 · Germany

Begriffsschrift (1879) The Foundations of Arithmetic (1884) Basic Laws of Arithmetic (1893

IQ 165

Read Article · Profile

Gregor Mendel

1822–1884 · Czech Republic

Creating the science of genetics

IQ 165

Read Article · Profile

Read Article · Profile

Read Article · Profile

Henry Ford

1863–1947 · United States

Founding and leading the Ford Motor Company

IQ 165

Read Article · Profile

Igor Stravinsky

1882–1971 · Russia

The Firebird (1910), Petrushka (1911), and The Rite of Spring (1913)

IQ 165

Read Article · Profile

Johannes Brahms

1833–1897 · Germany

Hungarian Dance No. 5

IQ 165

Read Article · Profile

John Henry Newman

1801–1890 · United Kingdom

Anglican priest, poet, and theologian.

IQ 165

Read Article · Profile

Joseph Lister

1827–1912 · United Kingdom

Surgical sterile techniques

IQ 165

Read Article · Profile

Karl Pearson

1857–1936 · England

Common Sense of the Exact Sciences and History of the Theory of Elasticity

IQ 165

Read Article · Profile

Lise Meitner

1878–1968 · Austria

Discovery of protactinium Discovery of nuclear fission

IQ 165

Read Article · Profile

Martin Heidegger

1889–1976 · Germany

Being and Time (1927)

IQ 165

Read Article · Profile

Wright brothers

1867–1948 · United States

Inventing, building, and flying the world's first successful motor-operated airplane, the Wright Fly

IQ 165

Read Article · Profile

Giuseppe Verdi

1813–1901 · Italy

1. Aida 2. Chorus of the Hebrew Slaves from Nabucco 3. La Donna è Mobile from Rigoletto 4. La

IQ 165

Read Article · Profile

Antoni Gaudí

1852–1926 · Spain

Sagrada Família Organic Architecture Innovative Structural Techniques Symbolism

IQ 165

Read Article · Profile

Ada Lovelace

1815–1852 · United Kingdom

The mother of computing science; contributed to the first published computer program; was the first

IQ 160

Read Article · Profile

Albert Einstein

1879–1955 · Germany

Einstein’s theories of special & general relativity delivered a remarkable transformation in our und

IQ 160

Read Article · Profile

Alfred Wegener

1880–1930 · Germany

Continental drift theory.

IQ 160

Read Article · Profile

Charles Sumner

1811–1874 · United States

American politician, lawyer, and senator.

IQ 160

Read Article · Profile

Read Article · Profile

Elizabeth Gaskell

1810–1865 · England

Cranford (1851–53), North and South (1854–55), and Wives and Daughters (1865)

IQ 160

Read Article · Profile

Frederick Douglass

1818–1895 · United States

Being a proponent of abolishing slavery and giving women the right to vote

IQ 160

Read Article · Profile

George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon

1800–1870 · United Kingdom

Being British representative at the Congress of Paris which ended the Crimean War.

IQ 160

Read Article · Profile

George Sand

1804–1876 · France

IQ 160

Read Article · Profile

George Eliot

1819–1880 · England

The Mill on the Floss (1860) Silas Marner (1861) Romola (1862–1863) Middlemarch (1871

IQ 160

Read Article · Profile

Harriet Martineau

1802–1876 · United Kingdom

Illustrations of Political Economy (1834) Society in America (1837) Deerbrook (1839)

IQ 160

Read Article · Profile

Henry David Thoreau

1817–1862 · United States

Walden

IQ 160

Read Article · Profile

Léon Foucault

1819–1868 · France

Foucault pendulum Foucault's currents Foucault knife-edge test Fizeau–Foucault appara

IQ 160

Read Article · Profile

Hector Berlioz

1803–1869 · France

Symphonie fantastique and Harold in Italy

IQ 160

Read Article · Profile

Mahatma Gandhi

1869–1948 · India

Indian Independence Movement and Nonviolent resistance

IQ 160

Read Article · Profile

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

1840–1893 · Russia

IQ 160

Read Article · Profile

Philip Stanhope, 5th Earl Stanhope

1805–1875 · England

Contributions to cultural causes and for his historical writings

IQ 160

Read Article · Profile

Sergei Rachmaninoff

1873–1943 · Russia

IQ 160

Read Article · Profile

Sofya Kovalevskaya

1850–1891 · Russia

Cauchy–Kowalevski theorem and Kovalevskaya top

IQ 156

Read Article · Profile

Edward Bulwer-Lytton

1803–1873 · England

Vril: the Power of the Coming Race

IQ 155

Read Article · Profile

E. A. Wallis Budge

1857–1934 · United Kingdom

A History of Egypt from the End of the Neolithic Period to the Death of Cleopatra VII, B.C. 30: Egy

IQ 155

Read Article · Profile

Hugh Miller

1802–1856 · Scotland

One of Scotland's most influential Victorian palaeontologists

IQ 155

Read Article · Profile

Léon Gambetta

1838–1882 · France

IQ 155

Read Article · Profile

Maria Montessori

1870–1952 · Italy

Founder of the Montessori method of education

IQ 155

Read Article · Profile

Nathaniel Hawthorne

1804–1864 · United States

Twice-Told Tales (1837–1842) The Scarlet Letter (1850) The House of the Seven Gables (1851

IQ 155

Read Article · Profile

Orestes Brownson

1803–1876 · United States

IQ 155

Read Article · Profile

Read Article · Profile

Ralph Waldo Emerson

1803–1882 · United States

Essays: First Series (1841) and Essays: Second Series (1844)

IQ 155

Read Article · Profile

Richard Cobden

1804–1865 · United Kingdom

Member of the Anti-Corn Law League and peace campaigner

IQ 155

Read Article · Profile

Robert Koch

1843–1910 · Germany

Bacterial culture method Koch's postulates Germ theory Discovery of anthrax bacillus

IQ 155

Read Article · Profile

Theodore Roosevelt

1858–1919 · United States

Being the 26th president of the United States

IQ 155

Read Article · Profile

Woodrow Wilson

1856–1924 · United States

Used Darwinian evolution logic as a logic platform in his presidency.

IQ 155

Read Article · Profile

William H. Seward

1801–1872 · United States

Negotiating the Alaska Purchase

IQ 155

Read Article · Profile

Franklin D. Roosevelt

1882–1945 · United States

Being the 32nd President of the United States

IQ 151

Read Article · Profile

Alfred M. Mayer

1836–1897 · United States

Experiments with sound.

IQ 150

Read Article · Profile

Clive Staples Lewis

1898–1963 · United Kingdom

The Chronicles of Narnia Mere Christianity The Allegory of Love The Screwtape Letters

IQ 150

Read Article · Profile

Frederick Matthias Alexander

1869–1955 · Australia

Alexander technique

IQ 150

Read Article · Profile

John Bright

1811–1889 · United Kingdom

IQ 150

Read Article · Profile

Joseph Leidy

1823–1891 · United States

One of fabled "last persons to know everything"

IQ 150

Read Article · Profile

Thorstein Veblen

1857–1929 · United States

The Theory of the Leisure Class

IQ 150

Read Article · Profile

William Makepeace Thackeray

1811–1863 · United Kingdom

Vanity Fair, The Luck of Barry Lyndon

IQ 150

Read Article · Profile

Martha Graham

1894–1991 · United States

Dance and choreography

IQ 148

Read Article · Profile

Edgar Allan Poe

1809–1849 · United States

American writer, editor, and literary critic; best-known for his poem “The Raven” (1845) noted for i

IQ 145

Read Article · Profile

Francis Galton

1822–1911 · United Kingdom

Galton board Galton distribution Galton–Watson process Galton's problem Galton'

IQ 145

Read Article · Profile

F. Scott Fitzgerald

1896–1940 · United States

The Great Gatsby (1925) and Tender Is the Night (1934)

IQ 145

Read Article · Profile

Hans Christian Andersen

1805–1875 · Denmark

"The Little Mermaid" "The Ugly Duckling" "The Emperor's New Clothes" "The Little Match

IQ 145

Read Article · Profile

Hippolyte Taine

1828–1893

Being a major proponent of sociological positivism and one of the first practitioners of historicist

IQ 145

Read Article · Profile

Jay Gould

1836–1892 · United States

Being one of America's most infamous financial speculators

IQ 145

Read Article · Profile

Robert Frost

1874–1963 · United States

A Boy's Will, North of Boston

IQ 145

Read Article · Profile

William Lloyd Garrison

1805–1879 · United States

Editor of The Liberator

IQ 145

Read Article · Profile

William Tecumseh Sherman

1820–1891 · United States

American general.

IQ 145

Read Article · Profile

Charlie Spencer Chaplin

1889–1977 · England

The Great Dictator (1940) Modern Times (1936) City Lights (1931) The Kid (1921)

IQ 140

Read Article · Profile

Giuseppe Garibaldi

1807–1882 · Italy

Italian general, politician and nationalist.

IQ 140

Read Article · Profile

Robert E. Lee

1807–1870 · United States

American general.

IQ 140

Read Article · Profile

Alexander Fleming

1881–1955 · Scotland

Discovery of penicillin and Lysozyme

Read Article · Profile

Alexandre Dumas

1802–1870 · France

The Three Musketeers (1844), The Count of Monte Cristo (1844–1845)

Read Article · Profile

Alfred Nobel

1833–1896 · Sweden

Benefactor of the Nobel Prize, inventor of dynamite

Read Article · Profile

Alfred, Lord Tennyson

1809–1892 · England

'In Memoriam,' 'The Charge of the Light Brigade' and 'Idylls of the King'.

Read Article · Profile

Anton Chekhov

1860–1904 · Russia

Three Sisters, The Cherry Orchard and Uncle Vanya.

Read Article · Profile

Arthur Compton

1892–1962 · United States

Compton scattering Compton wavelength Compton–Getting effect Compton generator

Read Article · Profile

Auguste Rodin

1840–1917 · France

The statue of The Thinker

Read Article · Profile

Camille Saint-Saëns

1835–1921 · France

Giving his first public recital at age five

Read Article · Profile

Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour

1810–1861 · Italy

Being a leading figure in the movement towards Italian unification.

Read Article · Profile

Carl Filtsch

1830–1845 · Romania

Composed concerto at thirteen; died at age fourteen

Read Article · Profile

C. V. Raman

1888–1970 · India

Raman effect

Read Article · Profile

Charles Glover Barkla

1877–1944 · United Kingdom

X-ray scattering X-ray spectroscopy

Read Article · Profile

Charles Nicolle

1866–1936 · France

Identifying lice as the transmitter of epidemic typhus.

Read Article · Profile

Charles-Valentin Alkan

1813–1888 · France

Entered Paris Conservatoire at age 5, youngest ever admission.

Read Article · Profile

Felix Klein

1849–1925 · Germany

Erlangen program Klein bottle Beltrami–Klein model Klein's Encyclopedia of Mathematic

Read Article · Profile

Clarence Darrow

1857–1938 · United States

The Scopes "Monkey" Trial

Read Article · Profile

Claude Monet

1840–1926 · France

Painter

Read Article · Profile

David Hilbert

1862–1943 · Germany

Hilbert's basis theorem Hilbert's axioms Hilbert's problems Hilbert's program E

Read Article · Profile

David Livingstone

1813–1873 · Scotland

Spreading of the gospel, exploration of Africa, and meeting with Henry Stanley.

Read Article · Profile

Elizabeth Blackwell

1821–1910 · England

The first woman to qualify as a physician in America; founder of America’s first medical school for

Read Article · Profile

Emmy Noether

1882–1935 · Germany

Abstract algebra Theoretical physics Noether's theorem Noetherian ring Lasker–No

Read Article · Profile

Erich Wolfgang Korngold

1897–1957 · Austria

Operas, movie scores, symphonic and chamber music

Read Article · Profile

Ernest Rutherford

1871–1937 · New Zealand

Discovery of alpha and beta radioactivity Discovery of atomic nucleus (Rutherford model) R

Read Article · Profile

Florence Nightingale

1820–1910 · England

Pioneering modern nursing

Read Article · Profile

Franz Liszt

1811–1886 · Hungary

Performed first major concert at age eleven and was already an accomplished concert pianist by the a

Read Article · Profile

Franz Kafka

1883–1924 · Czech Republic

The Metamorphosis The Trial The Judgment The Castle Contemplation A Hunger

Read Article · Profile

Fritz Albert Lipmann

1899–1986 · Germany

Co-discoverer in 1945 of coenzyme A

Read Article · Profile

George Washington Carver

1860–1943 · United Kingdom

Improved the agricultural economy of the United States by promoting nitrogen-providing peanuts as an

Read Article · Profile

George de Hevesy

1885–1966 · Hungary

HafniumRadioactive tracer

Read Article · Profile

Georges Bizet

1838–1874 · France

Carmen

Read Article · Profile

Georges Lemaître

1894–1966 · Belgium

Theory of the expansion of the universeBig Bang theoryLemaître coordinates

Read Article · Profile

Harold Urey

1893–1981 · United States

Discovery of deuterium and Miller–Urey experiment

Read Article · Profile

Henri Matisse

1869–1954 · France

Woman with a Hat (1905) The Joy of Life (1906) Nu bleu (1907) La Danse (1909) L'

Read Article · Profile

Henrietta Swan Leavitt

1868–1921 · United States

Leavitt's law: the period-luminosity relationship for Cepheid variables

Read Article · Profile

Henry Moseley

1887–1915 · United Kingdom

Atomic number, Moseley's law

Read Article · Profile

Henry B. Guppy

1854–1926 · United Kingdom

Discovering several species of animals

Read Article · Profile

Hermann Staudinger

1881–1965 · Germany

Polymer chemistry

Read Article · Profile

Howard Florey

b. 1898 · Australia

Discovery of penicillin's properties

Read Article · Profile

Inge Lehmann

1888–1993 · Denmark

Analyzed earthquake waves to discover that within our planet’s liquid core, at the earth’s center, t

Read Article · Profile

Irène Joliot-Curie

1897–1956 · France

Co-discovered how to convert stable chemical elements into ‘designer’ radioactive elements; these ha

Read Article · Profile

Isambard Kingdom Brunel

1806–1859 · United Kingdom

Building the Great Western Railway

Read Article · Profile

Ivan Turgenev

1818–1883 · Russia

A Sportsman's Sketches Home of the Gentry Fathers and Sons A Month in the Country

Read Article · Profile

J Harlen Bretz

1882–1981 · United States

Missoula Floods hypothesis, overturning uniformitarianism

Read Article · Profile

James Croll

1821–1890 · Scotland

Provided the first mechanism accounting for ice ages; said climate change is caused by periodic chan

Read Article · Profile

Joan Miró

1893–1983 · Spain

Painting, sculpture, mural and ceramics

Read Article · Profile

John Cockcroft

1897–1967 · United Kingdom

Splitting the atom

Read Article · Profile

Josef Hofmann

1876–1957 · United States

Being probably the first pianist of note to record on Edison's phonograph

Read Article · Profile

Joseph Joachim

1831–1907 · Hungary

Joachim Quartet

Read Article · Profile

Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga

1806–1826 · Spain

Composed a two-act opera at age thirteen

Read Article · Profile

Karl Landsteiner

1868–1943 · Austria

Development of blood group system, discovery of Rh factor, discovery of poliovirus

Read Article · Profile

Lawrence Bragg

1890–1971 · Australia

X-ray diffractionX-ray spectroscopyX-ray microscopyBubble raftBragg's lawBragg-Gray cavity theoryBra

Read Article · Profile

Leo Ornstein

1895–2002 · United States

Enterin Saint Petersburg Conservatory at age ten

Read Article · Profile

Lili Boulanger

1893–1918 · France

Attended Louis Vierne's organ classes at the Paris Conservatoire at age six

Read Article · Profile

Matthew Fontaine Maury

1806–1873 · United States

The Physical Geography of the Sea (1855)

Read Article · Profile

Milutin Milanković

1879–1958 · CS

Insolation, Milankovitch cycles

Read Article · Profile

Nettie Stevens

1861–1912 · United States

XY sex-determination system

Read Article · Profile

Nikolai Gogol

1809–1852 · Ukraine

Read Article · Profile

Sergei Prokofiev

1891–1953 · Ukraine

Composed an opera at age nine

Read Article · Profile

Oswald Avery

1877–1955 · Canada

Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment DNA transmits heredity

Read Article · Profile

Paul Cézanne

1839–1906 · France

Mont Sainte-Victoire (1885–1906) Apothéose de Delacroix (1890–1894) Rideau, Cruchon et Com

Read Article · Profile

Percival Lowell

1855–1916 · United States

Martian canals, Asteroids discovered: 793 Arizona (April 9, 1907)

Read Article · Profile

Paul Broca

1824–1880 · France

Discovering that Broca's area of the brain is involved with language.

Read Article · Profile

Pyotr Kapitsa

1894–1984 · Russia

Superfluidity and Kapitza's pendulum

Read Article · Profile

Robert G. Ingersoll

1833–1899 · United States

Defending agnosticism.

Read Article · Profile

Ronald Fisher

1890–1962 · United Kingdom

Fisher's principle, Fisher information, Invented experimental design, devised the statistical concep

Read Article · Profile

Rudolf Virchow

1821–1902 · Germany

Cell theory Cellular pathology br> Biogenesis br> Virchow's triad

Read Article · Profile

Santiago Ramón y Cajal

1852–1934 · Spain

Fathering modern neuroscience Discovery of the neuron Neuron doctrine Growth cone

Read Article · Profile

Selman Waksman

1888–1973 · Ukraine

Discovered antibiotics made by soil-dwelling bacteria including streptomycin, the first effective tr

Read Article · Profile

Sergei Winogradsky

1856–1953 · Russia

Nitrogen cycle Chemoautotrophy Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria

Read Article · Profile

Truman Henry Safford

1836–1901 · United States

Calculating prodigy

Read Article · Profile

Vincent van Gogh

1853–1890 · Netherlands

The Potato Eaters (1885) Sunflowers (1887) Bedroom in Arles (1888) The Starry Night (1889) Portr

Read Article · Profile

Virginia Woolf

1882–1941 · England

Mrs Dalloway (1925) To the Lighthouse (1927) Orlando (1928) A Room of One's Own (1929

Read Article · Profile

Wassily Kandinsky

1866–1944 · Russia

Yellow-Red-Blue

Read Article · Profile

Josiah Willard Gibbs

1839–1903 · United States

Creating statistical mechanics

Read Article · Profile

William Henry Perkin

1838–1907

Aniline dye, mauveine, Perkin triangle

Read Article · Profile

William Ramsay

1852–1916

Discovering noble gases

Read Article · Profile

William Armstrong Fairburn

1876–1947 · United States

English-born American naval architect, marine engineer, chemical engineer, and industrial executive;

Read Article · Profile

Zerah Colburn

1804–1839 · United States

Mental calculator; child prodigy

Read Article · Profile

James Chadwick

1891–1974 · United Kingdom

Discovery of the neutron MAUD Committee Report Manhattan Project

Read Article · Profile

Winston Churchill

1874–1965 · United Kingdom

Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945, during the Second World War, and again from

Read Article · Profile

Ulysses S. Grant

1822–1885 · United States

Read Article · Profile

Vincenzo Bellini

1801–1835 · Italy

Norma La Sonnambula I Puritani

Read Article · Profile

David Farragut

1801–1870 · United States

The phrase "Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead"

Read Article · Profile

Herbert George Wells

1866–1946 · United Kingdom

The Time Machine The Invisible Man The War of the Worlds The Island of Doctor Moreau

Read Article · Profile

Philip Sheridan

1831–1888 · United States

Defeating Robert E. Lee and the South during the Civil War in the United States.

Read Article · Profile

M. C. Escher

1898–1972 · Netherlands

Drawing, printmaking

Read Article · Profile

James Henry Pullen

1835–1916 · England

Read Article · Profile

Clara Schumann

1819–1896 · Germany

The Piano Concerto in A minor, Op. 7

Read Article · Profile

Benjamin Bradley (inventor)

1836–1904 · United States

Creating the first boat steam engine

Read Article · Profile

Jagadish Chandra Bose

1858–1937 · India

Millimeter waves Radio Crescograph Contributions to plant biology Crystal radio

Read Article · Profile

Anne Brontë

1820–1849 · United Kingdom

The Tenant of Wildfell Hall

Read Article · Profile

Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi

1804–1851 · Germany

Jacobi's elliptic functions Jacobian Jacobi symbol Jacobi ellipsoid Jacobi polynomials Jacobi

Read Article · Profile

Niels Henrik Abel

1802–1829 · Norway

Abel's binomial theorem Abel equation Abel equation of the first kindAbelian extension

Read Article · Profile

Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet

1805–1859 · Germany

See full list

Read Article · Profile

Tatyana Afanasyeva

1876–1964 · Ukraine

Read Article · Profile

L. L. Zamenhof

1859–1917 · Poland

.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;

Read Article · Profile

Manuel António Gomes

1868–1933 · Portugal

Read Article · Profile

19th Century Geniuses

19th Century Geniuses

Explore More Lists

Frequently Asked Questions

How many geniuses were born in the 19th Century?

Who was the greatest genius of the 19th Century?

What major fields emerged in the 19th Century?

Trending Comparisons

Top IQ Rankings

Child prodigies

Play & come back tomorrow