How many geniuses were born in the 19th Century?

Geniuses.Club features 282 geniuses born during the 19th Century.

Who was the greatest genius of the 19th Century?

The 19th Century produced many extraordinary minds. Explore the full list to discover who made the greatest impact.

What major fields emerged in the 19th Century?

The 19th Century saw transformative developments across science, mathematics, art, philosophy, and technology.

19th Century Geniuses | Geniuses.Club

William James Sidis

1898–1944 · United States

The Animate And The Inanimate

IQ 250

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Gilbert N. Lewis

1875–1946 · United States

Covalent bondLewis dot structuresValence bond theoryElectronic theory of acids and basesChemical the

IQ 195

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Henry Adams

1838–1918 · United States

The Education of Henry Adams, The History of the United States of America 1801–1817

IQ 195

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Hermann von Helmholtz

1821–1894 · Germany

His mathematics of the eye, theories of vision, ideas on the visual perception of space, color visio

IQ 195

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Ludwig Boltzmann

1844–1906 · Austria

The development of statistical mechanics

IQ 195

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Nikola Tesla

1856–1943 · Croatia

Inventing the Tesla coil, alternating current machinery, and a transatlantic communications system.

IQ 195

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Friedrich Nietzsche

1844–1900 · Germany

Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Beyond Good & Evil

IQ 190

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Max Planck

1858–1947 · Germany

On the Second Principles of Mechanical Heat Theory (1879)

IQ 190

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Wilhelm Ostwald

1853–1932 · LV

Catalysis, Coining the term 'Mole' and HSL and HSV

IQ 190

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Alfred J. Lotka

1880–1949 · United States

The Lotka–Volterra equations

IQ 185

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Gerald Massey

1828–1907 · United Kingdom

The Ballad of Babe Christabel (1854), War Waits (1855), Havelock's March (1860), and A Tale of Etern

IQ 185

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James Clerk Maxwell

1831–1879 · Scotland

Statistical mechanics • Maxwell's equations • Displacement current • Maxwell relations

IQ 185

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Leon Winiarski

1865–1915 · Poland

Essay on Social Mechanics

IQ 185

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Percy Williams Bridgman

1882–1961 · United States

High-pressure physics • Operationalism • Operational definition

IQ 185

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Satyendra Nath Bose

1894–1974 · India

Bose–Einstein condensateBose–Einstein statisticsBose–Einstein distributionBose–Einstein correlations

IQ 185

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Sigmund Freud

1856–1939 · Austria

Psychoanalysis, including the theories of id, ego and super-ego, oedipus complex, repression, defens

IQ 185

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Thomas Edison

1847–1931 · United States

The phonograph, the motion picture camera, and early versions of the electric light bulb

IQ 185

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William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin

1824–1907 · United Kingdom

Joule–Thomson effect Thomson effect (thermoelectric) Mirror galvanometer Siphon recorder Kelvin mat

IQ 185

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Theodor Schwann

1810–1882 · Germany

Cell theory, Schwann cells, Pepsin

IQ 182

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Arthur Conan Doyle

1859–1930 · Scotland

Stories of Sherlock Holmes, The Lost World

IQ 180

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Alexander Graham Bell

1847–1922 · Scotland

Invention of the telephone.

IQ 180

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George Bernard Shaw

1856–1950 · Ireland

Man and Superman (1902) Pygmalion (1912) The Doctor's Dilemma (1906) Saint Joan (1923) Caesar an

IQ 180

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Bernhard Riemann

1826–1866 · Germany

Riemann–von Mangoldt formula, Riemann bilinear relations, Cauchy–Riemann equations, Free Riemann gas

IQ 180

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Bertrand Russell

1872–1970 · United Kingdom

IQ 180

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Charles Darwin

1809–1882 · United Kingdom

The Voyage of the Beagle • On the Origin of Species • The Descent of Man

IQ 180

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Charles Scott Sherrington

1857–1952 · England

IQ 180

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Ernst Haeckel

1834–1919 · Germany

Mapping a genealogical tree relating all life forms

IQ 180

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Francis Ysidro Edgeworth

1845–1926 · United Kingdom

Being the founding editor of The Economic Journal.

IQ 180

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Frederick Rossini

1899–1990 · United States

Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances

IQ 180

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Fyodor Dostoevsky

1821–1881 · Russia

Notes from Underground • Crime and Punishment • The Idiot • Demons • The Brothers Karamazov

IQ 180

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Heinrich Hertz

1857–1894 · Germany

Proving the existence of the electromagnetic waves

IQ 180

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Hendrik Lorentz

1853–1928 · Netherlands

Zeeman effect

IQ 180

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Ivan Pavlov

1849–1936 · Russia

Being the founder of modern behavior therapy

IQ 180

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James Anthony Froude

1818–1894 · England

History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada

IQ 180

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James Prescott Joule

1818–1889 · England

First law of thermodynamicsDisproving caloric theory

IQ 180

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John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh

1842–1919 · United Kingdom

Discovery of argon

IQ 180

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John Stuart Mill

1806–1873 · United Kingdom

On Liberty, The Subjection of Women

IQ 180

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Jorge Luis Borges

1899–1986 · Argentina

A Universal History of Infamy (1935), Ficciones (1944), El Aleph (1949), Labyrinths (1962) and The B

IQ 180

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Joseph John Thomson

1856–1940 · United Kingdom

Discovery of the electron

IQ 180

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Julius von Mayer

1814–1878 · Germany

The first law of thermodynamics and Mayer's reagent

IQ 180

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Karl Marx

1818–1883 · Germany

The fact that his teachings lead to revolutions in Russia, China, Cuba, Vietnam, and Cambodia.

IQ 180

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Lawrence Joseph Henderson

1878–1942 · United States

The Fitness of the Environment, Henderson–Hasselbalch equation

IQ 180

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Leo Tolstoy

1828–1910 · Russia

War and Peace, Anna Karenina, The Death of Ivan Ilyich, The Kingdom of God Is Within You, Resurrecti

IQ 180

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Louis de Broglie

1892–1987 · France

Wave nature of electrons • De Broglie–Bohm theoryde • Broglie wavelength

IQ 180

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Marie Curie

1867–1934 · Poland

Radioactivity Polonium Radium

IQ 180

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Niels Bohr

1885–1962 · Denmark

Bohr magneton • Bohr model • Bohr radius • Bohr–Einstein debates • Bohr–Kramers–Slater theory • Bohr

IQ 180

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Oliver Heaviside

1850–1925 · England

Heaviside cover-up method • Heaviside step function • Heaviside condition • Heaviside-Feynman formul

IQ 180

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Pierre Teilhard de Chardin

1881–1955 · France

Co-developing the concept of the noosphere.

IQ 180

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Søren Kierkegaard

1813–1855 · Denmark

IQ 180

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Victor Hugo

1802–1885 · France

Les Misérables • Ruy Blas • The Hunchback of Notre-Dame

IQ 180

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Macquorn Rankine

1820–1872 · United Kingdom

Rankine scale Laws of thermodynamics Rankine–Hugoniot relation

IQ 180

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Abraham Lincoln

1809–1865 · United States

16th American president Noted for his Emancipation Proclamation (1863) which ended slavery and br

IQ 175

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Alfred Russel Wallace

1823–1913 · United Kingdom

Co-discovery of natural selection, Pioneering work on biogeography, Wallace Line Wallace effect

IQ 175

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Andrew Carnegie

1835–1919 · United States

Founding and leading the Carnegie Steel Company, the Carnegie Library, Carnegie Institution for Scie

IQ 175

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Arnold Sommerfeld

1868–1951 · Germany

Being nominated for the Nobel Prize 84 times but never wining it.

IQ 175

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Dmitri Mendeleev

1834–1907 · Russia

Formulating the periodic table of chemical elements

IQ 175

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Ernst Mach

1838–1916 · Austria

Mach number • Mach's principle • Shock waves • Mach waves • Mach reflection effects • Mach band

IQ 175

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George Boole

1815–1864 · England

Laying the foundations for the information age

IQ 175

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George Gore (electrochemist)

1826–1908 · England

His research with phosphorus

IQ 175

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Gustav Kirchhoff

1824–1887 · Germany

Kirchhoff's circuit laws Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation Kirchhoff's laws of spectroscopy Ki

IQ 175

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Heike Kamerlingh Onnes

1853–1926 · Netherlands

Liquid helium • Onnes-effect • Superconductivity • Virial equation of state

IQ 175

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Marcel Duchamp

1887–1968 · France

Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 (1912) • Fountain (1917) • The Bride Stripped Bare By Her Bachelo

IQ 175

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Henry Thomas Buckle

1821–1862 · United Kingdom

History of Civilisation in England

IQ 175

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Justus von Liebig

1803–1873 · Germany

Law of the Minimum and Liebig condenser

IQ 175

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Louis Pasteur

1822–1895 · France

Created the first vaccines for rabies • Cholera vaccine • Anthrax vaccines • Pasteurization

IQ 175

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Louis Agassiz

1807–1873 · Switzerland

Ice age, Polygenism

IQ 175

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Ludwig Wittgenstein

1889–1951 · Austria

Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus

IQ 175

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Pablo Picasso

1881–1973 · Spain

Painting, drawing, sculpture, printmaking, ceramics, stage design, writing

IQ 175

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Pitirim Sorokin

1889–1968 · Russia

Leaves of a Russian Diar

IQ 175

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R. A. Schwaller de Lubicz

1887–1961 · France

Esotericism, alternative Egyptology

IQ 175

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Richard Wagner

1813–1883 · Germany

The Ring of the Nibelung

IQ 175

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Robert Bunsen

1811–1899 · Germany

Discovery of cacodyl radical Discoveries of caesium and rubidium Discovery of use of the Bunsen burn

IQ 175

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Robert Andrews Millikan

1868–1953 · United States

Oil drop experiment measuring the charge of the electron • Photoelectric effect • Cosmic ray physics

IQ 175

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Rudolf Clausius

1822–1888 · Germany

Second law of thermodynamics • Originator of the concept of entropy • Clausius-Mossotti relation • C

IQ 175

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Margaret Fuller

1810–1850 · United States

Woman in the Nineteenth Century

IQ 175

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Srinivasa Ramanujan

1887–1920 · India

Landau–Ramanujan constant, Mock theta functions, Ramanujan conjecture, Ramanujan prime, Ramanujan–So

IQ 175

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Thomas Babington Macaulay

1800–1859 · United Kingdom

IQ 175

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Walther Nernst

1864–1941 · Germany

Third Law of Thermodynamics

IQ 175

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William Stanley Jevons

1835–1882

Marginal utility theoryJevons paradox

IQ 175

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William Kingdon Clifford

1845–1879 · United Kingdom

Clifford algebra

IQ 175

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Christian Doppler

1803–1853 · Austria

Discovering the Doppler effect

IQ 170

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David Strauss

1808–1874 · Germany

Pioneering in the historical investigation of Jesus.

IQ 170

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Émile Durkheim

1858–1917 · France

Being the architect of modern social science

IQ 170

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Edmund Husserl

1859–1938 · Germany

"Phenomenology, epoché (also bracketing, transcendental reduction, or phenomenological reduction), e

IQ 170

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Edwin Hubble

1889–1953 · United States

Hubble sequence • Hubble's law

IQ 170

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Ernest Hemingway

1899–1961 · United States

A Farewell to Arms and The Old Man and the Sea

IQ 170

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Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

1807–1882 · United States

Being the first American to translate Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy

IQ 170

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Herman Hollerith

1860–1929 · United States

Electromechanical tabulation of punched card data

IQ 170

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John Dewey

1859–1952 · United States

Reforming the American educational system.

IQ 170

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John Burroughs

1837–1921 · United States

Being an active in the U.S. conservation movement.

IQ 170

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John Maynard Keynes

1883–1946 · England

Changing the theory and practice of macroeconomics and the economic policies of governments

IQ 170

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John Tyndall

1820–1893 · Ireland

Atmosphere, physics education, Tyndall effect, diamagnetism, infrared radiation, Tyndallization

IQ 170

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Ludwig Feuerbach

1804–1872 · Germany

The Essence of Christianity

IQ 170

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Max Weber

1864–1920 · Germany

The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1905)

IQ 170

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Norbert Wiener

1894–1964 · United States

Cybernetics

IQ 170

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Oswald Spengler

1880–1936 · Germany

The Decline of the West

IQ 170

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Mark Twain

1835–1910 · United States

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer • Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

IQ 170

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Thomas Henry Huxley

1825–1895 · United Kingdom

Evolution, science education, agnosticism

IQ 170

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Wilder Penfield

1891–1976 · United States

Prompting memory recall during surgery via temporal lobe stimulationTreatment of epilepsy by surgery

IQ 170

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William James

1842–1910 · United States

Will to believe doctrine

IQ 170

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Alfred de Musset

1810–1857 · France

IQ 170

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Benjamin Disraeli

1804–1881 · United Kingdom

Being elected twice as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

IQ 165

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Carl Jung

1875–1961 · Switzerland

Analytical psychology • Psychological types • Collective unconscious • Complex • Archetypes • Anima

IQ 165

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Charles Dickens

1812–1870 · England

The Pickwick Papers • Oliver Twist • Nicholas Nickleby • A Christmas Carol • David Copperfield • Ble

IQ 165

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Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve

1804–1869 · France

Port-Royal

IQ 165

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Évariste Galois

1811–1832 · France

Work on the theory of equations and Abelian integrals

IQ 165

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Felix Mendelssohn

1809–1847 · Germany

grandson of Moses Mendelssohn; student of Carl Zelter; Mendelssohn first appeared in concert at the

IQ 165

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Frédéric Chopin

1810–1849 · Poland

Publishing two polonaises by the age of seven

IQ 165

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Giuseppe Mazzini

1807–1872 · Italy

Italian politician, journalist, and revolutionist.

IQ 165

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Gottlob Frege

1848–1925 · Germany

Begriffsschrift (1879) • The Foundations of Arithmetic (1884) • Basic Laws of Arithmetic (1893–1903)

IQ 165

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Gregor Mendel

1822–1884 · Czech Republic

Creating the science of genetics

IQ 165

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Henry Ford

1863–1947 · United States

Founding and leading the Ford Motor Company

IQ 165

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Igor Stravinsky

1882–1971 · Russia

The Firebird (1910), Petrushka (1911), and The Rite of Spring (1913)

IQ 165

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Johannes Brahms

1833–1897 · Germany

Hungarian Dance No. 5

IQ 165

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John Henry Newman

1801–1890 · United Kingdom

Anglican priest, poet, and theologian.

IQ 165

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Joseph Lister

1827–1912 · United Kingdom

Surgical sterile techniques

IQ 165

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Karl Pearson

1857–1936 · England

Common Sense of the Exact Sciences and History of the Theory of Elasticity

IQ 165

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Lise Meitner

1878–1968 · Austria

Discovery of protactinium Discovery of nuclear fission

IQ 165

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Martin Heidegger

1889–1976 · Germany

Being and Time (1927)

IQ 165

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Wright brothers

1867–1948 · United States

Inventing, building, and flying the world's first successful motor-operated airplane, the Wright Fly

IQ 165

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Giuseppe Verdi

1813–1901 · Italy

1. Aida 2. Chorus of the Hebrew Slaves from Nabucco 3. La Donna è Mobile from Rigoletto 4. La

IQ 165

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Antoni Gaudí

1852–1926 · Spain

Sagrada Família • Organic Architecture • Innovative Structural Techniques • Symbolism and

IQ 165

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Ada Lovelace

1815–1852 · United Kingdom

The mother of computing science; contributed to the first published computer program; was the first

IQ 160

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Albert Einstein

1879–1955 · Germany

Einstein’s theories of special & general relativity delivered a remarkable transformation in our und

IQ 160

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Alfred Wegener

1880–1930 · Germany

Continental drift theory.

IQ 160

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Charles Sumner

1811–1874 · United States

American politician, lawyer, and senator.

IQ 160

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Elizabeth Gaskell

1810–1865 · England

Cranford (1851–53), North and South (1854–55), and Wives and Daughters (1865)

IQ 160

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Frederick Douglass

1818–1895 · United States

Being a proponent of abolishing slavery and giving women the right to vote

IQ 160

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George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon

1800–1870 · United Kingdom

Being British representative at the Congress of Paris which ended the Crimean War.

IQ 160

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George Sand

1804–1876 · France

IQ 160

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George Eliot

1819–1880 · England

The Mill on the Floss (1860) • Silas Marner (1861) • Romola (1862–1863) • Middlemarch (1871–72) • Da

IQ 160

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Harriet Martineau

1802–1876 · United Kingdom

Illustrations of Political Economy (1834) • Society in America (1837) • Deerbrook (1839) • The Hour

IQ 160

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Henry David Thoreau

1817–1862 · United States

Walden

IQ 160

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Léon Foucault

1819–1868 · France

Foucault pendulum • Foucault's currents • Foucault knife-edge test • Fizeau–Foucault apparatus • Gyr

IQ 160

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Hector Berlioz

1803–1869 · France

Symphonie fantastique and Harold in Italy

IQ 160

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Mahatma Gandhi

1869–1948 · India

Indian Independence Movement and Nonviolent resistance

IQ 160

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Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

1840–1893 · Russia

IQ 160

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Philip Stanhope, 5th Earl Stanhope

1805–1875 · England

Contributions to cultural causes and for his historical writings

IQ 160

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Sergei Rachmaninoff

1873–1943 · Russia

IQ 160

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Sofya Kovalevskaya

1850–1891 · Russia

Cauchy–Kowalevski theorem and Kovalevskaya top

IQ 156

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Edward Bulwer-Lytton

1803–1873 · England

Vril: the Power of the Coming Race

IQ 155

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E. A. Wallis Budge

1857–1934 · United Kingdom

A History of Egypt from the End of the Neolithic Period to the Death of Cleopatra VII, B.C. 30: Egy

IQ 155

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Hugh Miller

1802–1856 · Scotland

One of Scotland's most influential Victorian palaeontologists

IQ 155

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Léon Gambetta

1838–1882 · France

IQ 155

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Maria Montessori

1870–1952 · Italy

Founder of the Montessori method of education

IQ 155

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Nathaniel Hawthorne

1804–1864 · United States

Twice-Told Tales (1837–1842) • The Scarlet Letter (1850) • The House of the Seven Gables (1851)

IQ 155

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Orestes Brownson

1803–1876 · United States

IQ 155

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Ralph Waldo Emerson

1803–1882 · United States

Essays: First Series (1841) and Essays: Second Series (1844)

IQ 155

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Richard Cobden

1804–1865 · United Kingdom

Member of the Anti-Corn Law League and peace campaigner

IQ 155

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Robert Koch

1843–1910 · Germany

Bacterial culture method • Koch's postulates • Germ theory • Discovery of anthrax bacillus • Discove

IQ 155

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Theodore Roosevelt

1858–1919 · United States

Being the 26th president of the United States

IQ 155

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Woodrow Wilson

1856–1924 · United States

Used Darwinian evolution logic as a logic platform in his presidency.

IQ 155

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William H. Seward

1801–1872 · United States

Negotiating the Alaska Purchase

IQ 155

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Franklin D. Roosevelt

1882–1945 · United States

Being the 32nd President of the United States

IQ 151

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Alfred M. Mayer

1836–1897 · United States

Experiments with sound.

IQ 150

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Clive Staples Lewis

1898–1963 · United Kingdom

The Chronicles of Narnia • Mere Christianity • The Allegory of Love • The Screwtape Letters • The Sp

IQ 150

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Frederick Matthias Alexander

1869–1955 · Australia

Alexander technique

IQ 150

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John Bright

1811–1889 · United Kingdom

IQ 150

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Joseph Leidy

1823–1891 · United States

One of fabled "last persons to know everything"

IQ 150

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Thorstein Veblen

1857–1929 · United States

The Theory of the Leisure Class

IQ 150

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William Makepeace Thackeray

1811–1863 · United Kingdom

Vanity Fair, The Luck of Barry Lyndon

IQ 150

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Martha Graham

1894–1991 · United States

Dance and choreography

IQ 148

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Edgar Allan Poe

1809–1849 · United States

American writer, editor, and literary critic; best-known for his poem “The Raven” (1845) noted for i

IQ 145

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Francis Galton

1822–1911 · United Kingdom

Galton board • Galton distribution • Galton–Watson process • Galton's problem • Galton's whistle

IQ 145

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F. Scott Fitzgerald

1896–1940 · United States

The Great Gatsby (1925) and Tender Is the Night (1934)

IQ 145

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Hans Christian Andersen

1805–1875 · Denmark

"The Little Mermaid" • "The Ugly Duckling" • "The Emperor's New Clothes" • "The Little Match Girl"

IQ 145

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Hippolyte Taine

1828–1893

Being a major proponent of sociological positivism and one of the first practitioners of historicist

IQ 145

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Jay Gould

1836–1892 · United States

Being one of America's most infamous financial speculators

IQ 145

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Robert Frost

1874–1963 · United States

A Boy's Will, North of Boston

IQ 145

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William Lloyd Garrison

1805–1879 · United States

Editor of The Liberator

IQ 145

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William Tecumseh Sherman

1820–1891 · United States

American general.

IQ 145

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Charlie Spencer Chaplin

1889–1977 · England

The Great Dictator (1940) • Modern Times (1936) • City Lights (1931) • The Kid (1921)

IQ 140

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Giuseppe Garibaldi

1807–1882 · Italy

Italian general, politician and nationalist.

IQ 140

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Robert E. Lee

1807–1870 · United States

American general.

IQ 140

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Alexander Fleming

1881–1955 · Scotland

Discovery of penicillin and Lysozyme

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Alexandre Dumas

1802–1870 · France

The Three Musketeers (1844), The Count of Monte Cristo (1844–1845)

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Alfred Nobel

1833–1896 · Sweden

Benefactor of the Nobel Prize, inventor of dynamite

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Alfred, Lord Tennyson

1809–1892 · England

'In Memoriam,' 'The Charge of the Light Brigade' and 'Idylls of the King'.

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Anton Chekhov

1860–1904 · Russia

Three Sisters, The Cherry Orchard and Uncle Vanya.

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Arthur Compton

1892–1962 · United States

Compton scattering • Compton wavelength • Compton–Getting effect • Compton generator

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Auguste Rodin

1840–1917 · France

The statue of The Thinker

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Camille Saint-Saëns

1835–1921 · France

Giving his first public recital at age five

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Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour

1810–1861 · Italy

Being a leading figure in the movement towards Italian unification.

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Carl Filtsch

1830–1845 · Romania

Composed concerto at thirteen; died at age fourteen

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C. V. Raman

1888–1970 · India

Raman effect

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Charles Glover Barkla

1877–1944 · United Kingdom

X-ray scattering • X-ray spectroscopy

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Charles Nicolle

1866–1936 · France

Identifying lice as the transmitter of epidemic typhus.

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Charles-Valentin Alkan

1813–1888 · France

Entered Paris Conservatoire at age 5, youngest ever admission.

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Felix Klein

1849–1925 · Germany

Erlangen program • Klein bottle • Beltrami–Klein model • Klein's Encyclopedia of Mathematical Scienc

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Clarence Darrow

1857–1938 · United States

The Scopes "Monkey" Trial

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Claude Monet

1840–1926 · France

Painter

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David Hilbert

1862–1943 · Germany

Hilbert's basis theorem • Hilbert's axioms • Hilbert's problems • Hilbert's program • Einstein–Hil

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David Livingstone

1813–1873 · Scotland

Spreading of the gospel, exploration of Africa, and meeting with Henry Stanley.

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Elizabeth Blackwell

1821–1910 · England

The first woman to qualify as a physician in America; founder of America’s first medical school for

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Emmy Noether

1882–1935 · Germany

Abstract algebra • Theoretical physics • Noether's theorem • Noetherian ring • Lasker–Noether theore

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Erich Wolfgang Korngold

1897–1957 · Austria

Operas, movie scores, symphonic and chamber music

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Ernest Rutherford

1871–1937 · New Zealand

Discovery of alpha and beta radioactivity • Discovery of atomic nucleus (Rutherford model) • Rutherf

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Florence Nightingale

1820–1910 · England

Pioneering modern nursing

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Franz Liszt

1811–1886 · Hungary

Performed first major concert at age eleven and was already an accomplished concert pianist by the a

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Franz Kafka

1883–1924 · Czech Republic

The Metamorphosis • The Trial • The Judgment • The Castle • Contemplation • A Hunger Artist • Letter

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Fritz Albert Lipmann

1899–1986 · Germany

Co-discoverer in 1945 of coenzyme A

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George Washington Carver

1860–1943 · United Kingdom

Improved the agricultural economy of the United States by promoting nitrogen-providing peanuts as an

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George de Hevesy

1885–1966 · Hungary

HafniumRadioactive tracer

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Georges Bizet

1838–1874 · France

Carmen

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Georges Lemaître

1894–1966 · Belgium

Theory of the expansion of the universeBig Bang theoryLemaître coordinates

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Harold Urey

1893–1981 · United States

Discovery of deuterium and Miller–Urey experiment

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Henri Matisse

1869–1954 · France

Woman with a Hat (1905) • The Joy of Life (1906) • Nu bleu (1907) • La Danse (1909) • L'Atelier Roug

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Henrietta Swan Leavitt

1868–1921 · United States

Leavitt's law: the period-luminosity relationship for Cepheid variables

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Henry Moseley

1887–1915 · United Kingdom

Atomic number, Moseley's law

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Henry B. Guppy

1854–1926 · United Kingdom

Discovering several species of animals

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Hermann Staudinger

1881–1965 · Germany

Polymer chemistry

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Howard Florey

b. 1898 · Australia

Discovery of penicillin's properties

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Inge Lehmann

1888–1993 · Denmark

Analyzed earthquake waves to discover that within our planet’s liquid core, at the earth’s center, t

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Irène Joliot-Curie

1897–1956 · France

Co-discovered how to convert stable chemical elements into ‘designer’ radioactive elements; these ha

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Isambard Kingdom Brunel

1806–1859 · United Kingdom

Building the Great Western Railway

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Ivan Turgenev

1818–1883 · Russia

A Sportsman's Sketches • Home of the Gentry • Fathers and Sons • A Month in the Country

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J Harlen Bretz

1882–1981 · United States

Missoula Floods hypothesis, overturning uniformitarianism

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James Croll

1821–1890 · Scotland

Provided the first mechanism accounting for ice ages; said climate change is caused by periodic chan

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Joan Miró

1893–1983 · Spain

Painting, sculpture, mural and ceramics

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John Cockcroft

1897–1967 · United Kingdom

Splitting the atom

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Josef Hofmann

1876–1957 · United States

Being probably the first pianist of note to record on Edison's phonograph

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Joseph Joachim

1831–1907 · Hungary

Joachim Quartet

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Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga

1806–1826 · Spain

Composed a two-act opera at age thirteen

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Karl Landsteiner

1868–1943 · Austria

Development of blood group system, discovery of Rh factor, discovery of poliovirus

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Lawrence Bragg

1890–1971 · Australia

X-ray diffractionX-ray spectroscopyX-ray microscopyBubble raftBragg's lawBragg-Gray cavity theoryBra

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Leo Ornstein

1895–2002 · United States

Enterin Saint Petersburg Conservatory at age ten

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Lili Boulanger

1893–1918 · France

Attended Louis Vierne's organ classes at the Paris Conservatoire at age six

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Matthew Fontaine Maury

1806–1873 · United States

The Physical Geography of the Sea (1855)

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Milutin Milanković

1879–1958 · CS

Insolation, Milankovitch cycles

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Nettie Stevens

1861–1912 · United States

XY sex-determination system

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Nikolai Gogol

1809–1852 · Ukraine

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Sergei Prokofiev

1891–1953 · Ukraine

Composed an opera at age nine

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Oswald Avery

1877–1955 · Canada

Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment DNA transmits heredity

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Paul Cézanne

1839–1906 · France

Mont Sainte-Victoire (1885–1906) • Apothéose de Delacroix (1890–1894) • Rideau, Cruchon et Compotier

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Percival Lowell

1855–1916 · United States

Martian canals, Asteroids discovered: 793 Arizona (April 9, 1907)

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Paul Broca

1824–1880 · France

Discovering that Broca's area of the brain is involved with language.

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Pyotr Kapitsa

1894–1984 · Russia

Superfluidity and Kapitza's pendulum

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Robert G. Ingersoll

1833–1899 · United States

Defending agnosticism.

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Ronald Fisher

1890–1962 · United Kingdom

Fisher's principle, Fisher information, Invented experimental design, devised the statistical concep

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Rudolf Virchow

1821–1902 · Germany

Cell theory • Cellular pathology br> Biogenesis br> Virchow's triad

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Santiago Ramón y Cajal

1852–1934 · Spain

Fathering modern neuroscience • Discovery of the neuron • Neuron doctrine • Growth cone • Dendritic

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Selman Waksman

1888–1973 · Ukraine

Discovered antibiotics made by soil-dwelling bacteria including streptomycin, the first effective tr

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Sergei Winogradsky

1856–1953 · Russia

Nitrogen cycle • Chemoautotrophy • Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria

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Truman Henry Safford

1836–1901 · United States

Calculating prodigy

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Vincent van Gogh

1853–1890 · Netherlands

The Potato Eaters (1885) Sunflowers (1887) Bedroom in Arles (1888) The Starry Night (1889) Portr

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Virginia Woolf

1882–1941 · England

Mrs Dalloway (1925) • To the Lighthouse (1927) • Orlando (1928) • A Room of One's Own (1929) • The W

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Wassily Kandinsky

1866–1944 · Russia

Yellow-Red-Blue

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Josiah Willard Gibbs

1839–1903 · United States

Creating statistical mechanics

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William Henry Perkin

1838–1907

Aniline dye, mauveine, Perkin triangle

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William Ramsay

1852–1916

Discovering noble gases

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William Armstrong Fairburn

1876–1947 · United States

English-born American naval architect, marine engineer, chemical engineer, and industrial executive;

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Zerah Colburn

1804–1839 · United States

Mental calculator; child prodigy

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James Chadwick

1891–1974 · United Kingdom

Discovery of the neutron • MAUD Committee Report • Manhattan Project

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Winston Churchill

1874–1965 · United Kingdom

Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945, during the Second World War, and again from

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Ulysses S. Grant

1822–1885 · United States

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Vincenzo Bellini

1801–1835 · Italy

Norma • La Sonnambula • I Puritani

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David Farragut

1801–1870 · United States

The phrase "Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead"

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Herbert George Wells

1866–1946 · United Kingdom

The Time Machine • The Invisible Man • The War of the Worlds • The Island of Doctor Moreau

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Philip Sheridan

1831–1888 · United States

Defeating Robert E. Lee and the South during the Civil War in the United States.

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M. C. Escher

1898–1972 · Netherlands

Drawing, printmaking

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James Henry Pullen

1835–1916 · England

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Clara Schumann

1819–1896 · Germany

The Piano Concerto in A minor, Op. 7

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Benjamin Bradley (inventor)

1836–1904 · United States

Creating the first boat steam engine

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Jagadish Chandra Bose

1858–1937 · India

Millimeter waves • Radio Crescograph • Contributions to plant biology • Crystal radio • Crystal dete

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Anne Brontë

1820–1849 · United Kingdom

The Tenant of Wildfell Hall

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Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi

1804–1851 · Germany

Jacobi's elliptic functions Jacobian Jacobi symbol Jacobi ellipsoid Jacobi polynomials Jacobi

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Niels Henrik Abel

1802–1829 · Norway

Abel's binomial theorem • Abel equation • Abel equation of the first kindAbelian extension • A

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Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet

1805–1859 · Germany

See full list

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Tatyana Afanasyeva

1876–1964 · Ukraine

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L. L. Zamenhof

1859–1917 · Poland

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Manuel António Gomes

1868–1933 · Portugal

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