Albrecht Dürer

IQ 155

A German painter, printmaker and theorist

Albrecht von Wallenstein

A Bohemian military leader and statesman who fought on the Catholic side during the Thirty Years' War

Andreas Vesalius

A 16th-century Flemish anatomist, physician, and author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De Humani

Anthony van Dyck

IQ 155

A Flemish Baroque artist who became the leading court painter in England after success in the Southern Netherlands and I

Ben Jonson

IQ 170

An English playwright and poet best known for the satirical plays Every Man in His Humour (1598), Volpone, or The Fox (c

Cardinal Richelieu

IQ 160

A French clergyman and statesman.

Christopher Columbus

IQ 140

An explorer and navigator from Genoa (now part of Italy) who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean, opening t

Cornelius Jansen

IQ 160

A Dutch Catholic bishop of Ypres in Flanders and the father of a theological movement known as Jansenism.

Daniel Sennert

IQ 170

A renowned German physician and a prolific academic writer, especially in the field of alchemy or chemistry.

Erasmus

IQ 177

A Dutch philosopher and Christian scholar who is widely considered to have been one of the greatest scholars of the nort

Diego Velázquez

IQ 170

A leading artist of the Spanish Golden Age whose most noticeable works include The Surrender of Breda and The Maids of H

Edmund Spenser

IQ 170

An English poet best known for The Faerie Queene, an epic poem and fantastical allegory celebrating the Tudor dynasty an

Elizabeth I

IQ 175

A Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. She was the last of the five monarchs of t

Ferdinand Magellan

IQ 145

A Portuguese explorer who organised the Spanish expedition to the East Indies, resulting in the first circumnavigation o

Filippo Brunelleschi

IQ 180

An Italian architect, designer and sculptor, who is most famous for designing the dome of the Florence Cathedral.

Petrarch

IQ 175

A scholar and poet of early Renaissance Italy, and one of the earliest humanists. He is remembered for the collections o

Francesco Guicciardini

IQ 165

An Italian historian and statesman best known for his book The History of Italy.

Francis Bacon

IQ 190

An English philosopher and statesman who served as Attorney General and as Lord Chancellor of England.

Francisco Suárez

IQ 165

A Spanish Jesuit priest considered to be greatest scholastics after Thomas Aquinas

François Rabelais

IQ 170

A French Renaissance writer, physician, Renaissance humanist, monk, and Greek scholar.

François de La Mothe Le Vayer

IQ 170

A French writer who was the tutor of Louis XIV.

Galileo Galilei

IQ 180

An Italian astronomer whose works deeply contributed to the field. He is regarded as the father of observational astrono

Geoffrey Chaucer

IQ 165

An English poet and author who is credited as the creator of modern English poetry and literature as a whole.

Gerolamo Cardano

IQ 175

An Italian polymath was one of the key figures in the foundation of probability and the earliest introducer of the binom

Poggio Bracciolini

IQ 145

An Italian scholar and an early Renaissance humanist.

Giordano Bruno

IQ 190

An Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, mathematician, poet, cosmological theorist, and Hermetic occultist.

Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina

IQ 155

An Italian Renaissance composer of sacred music and the best-known 16th-century representative of the Roman School of mu

Girolamo Savonarola

IQ 155

An Italian Dominican friar from Ferrara and preacher active in Renaissance Florence

Hans Lipperhey

IQ 150

A German-Dutch spectacle-maker commonly associated with the invention of the telescope.

Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa

IQ 160

A German polymath, physician, theologian, and occult writer widely considered as the top occultists of the early modern

Hernán Cortés

IQ 175

A Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire

Jacques Auguste de Thou

IQ 175

A French historian, book collector and president of the Parlement de Paris.

Jan Žižka

IQ 145

A Czech general, a contemporary and follower of Jan Hus.

Jean Fernel

IQ 180

A French physician who was the first person to describe the spinal canal.

Jan Baptist van Helmont

A chemist, physiologist, and physician who is considered as the founder of pneumatic chemistry.

Johann Reuchlin

IQ 170

A German Catholic humanist whose work centered on advancing German knowledge of Greek and Hebrew

Johannes Kepler

IQ 180

A German astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer who was a key figure in the 17th-century scientific revolution, best

Johannes Gutenberg

IQ 140

A German inventor, printer, publisher, and goldsmith who introduced printing to Europe

Regiomontanus

IQ 170

A mathematician, astrologer, and astronomer of the German Renaissance whose works were instrumental in the development o

John Harington (writer)

An English courtier, author and translator known as the inventor of the flush toilet

John Napier

IQ 170

A Scottish mathematician, physicist, and astronomer best known as the discoverer of logarithms

John Calvin

A French theologian, pastor, and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation.

Joseph Justus Scaliger

A French Calvinist religious leader and scholar, known for expanding the notion of classical history from Greek and anci

Lancelot Andrewes

IQ 160

An English bishop and scholar who oversaw the translation of the King James Version of the Bible

Leon Battista Alberti

IQ 180

An Italian Renaissance humanist author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher, and cryptographer.

Leonardo Da Vinci

IQ 200

Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who is widely considered one of the greatest minds and painters of all time

Lope de Vega

IQ 175

A Spanish playwright, poet, and novelist who was one of the key figures in the Spanish Golden Age of Baroque literature.

Lucilio Vanini

IQ 175

An Italian philosopher, physician and free-thinker, who was one of the first significant representatives of intellectual

Ludovico Ariosto

An Italian poet best known as the author of the romance epic Orlando Furioso

Martin Luther

IQ 170

A German professor of theology, priest, author, composer, Augustinian monk, and a seminal figure in the Reformation.

Michel de Montaigne

IQ 180

One of the most significant philosophers of the French Renaissance, known for popularizing the essay as a literary genre

Michel de l'Hôpital

IQ 160

A French statesman who tried to establish the peaceful coexistence of Catholics and Protestants in France.

Michelangelo

IQ 177

An Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet of the High Renaissance who is one of the most recognized artists in th

Miguel de Cervantes

IQ 155

A Spanish writer widely regarded as the greatest writer in the Spanish language and one of the world's pre-eminent novel

Mimar Sinan

IQ 180

Was the chief Ottoman architect who was responsible for the construction of more than 300 major structures.

Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia

An Italian mathematician, engineer, a surveyor, and a bookkeeper from the then-Republic of Venice

Niccolò Machiavelli

IQ 180

An Italian diplomat, philosopher, politician, historian, and writer who lived during the Renaissance.

Nicholas of Cusa

IQ 180

A German philosopher, theologian, jurist, mathematician and astronomer. One of the first German proponents of Renaissanc

Nicolas Poussin

IQ 145

The leading painter of the classical French Baroque style

Nicolaus Copernicus

IQ 173

A Renaissance polymath, active as a mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon, who formulated a model of the univers

Paolo Sarpi

IQ 180

A Venetian historian, prelate, scientist, canon lawyer, and statesman active on behalf of the Venetian Republic.

Paracelsus

IQ 175

A Swiss physician, alchemist, lay theologian, and philosopher of the German Renaissance.

Pedro Calderón de la Barca

IQ 170

A dramatist, poet, writer and a knight of the Order of Santiago, known primarily for being one of the most distinguished

Peter Paul Rubens

IQ 160

A Flemish artist and diplomat from the Duchy of Brabant in the Southern Netherlands (modern-day Belgium) who lived durin

Philip Melanchthon

A German Lutheran reformer, collaborator with Martin Luther, the first systematic theologian of the Protestant Reformati

Pierre Gassendi

IQ 190

A French philosopher, Catholic priest, astronomer, and mathematician.

Raphael

IQ 170

An Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance considered one of the greatest painters of that age along with

René Descartes

IQ 178

A French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist who invented analytical geometry.

Robert Blake (admiral)

IQ 155

An important naval commander of the Commonwealth of England and one of the most famous English admirals of the 17th cent

Simon Stevin

A Flemish mathematician, physicist and military engineer.

Suleiman the Magnificent

Turkish sultan; presided over the apex of the Ottoman Empire's economic, military and political power.

Theodore Beza

IQ 165

A French Calvinist Protestant theologian, reformer and scholar who played an important role in the Protestant Reformatio

Thomas Harriot

An English astronomer, mathematician, ethnographer and translator to whom the theory of refraction is attributed

Thomas Wolsey

IQ 180

An English statesman and Catholic bishop who served as an almoner for Henry VIII.

Thomas Cranmer

A leader of the English Reformation and Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and, for a s

Thomas Hobbes

IQ 185

An English philosopher, considered to be one of the founders of modern political philosophy.

Thomas à Kempis

A German-Dutch canon regular of the late medieval period and the author of The Imitation of Christ

Thomas Digges

An English mathematician and astronomer who was the first to expound the Copernican system in English but discarded the

Titian

IQ 145

A Venetian painter during the Renaissance, considered the most important member of the 16th-century Venetian school.

Tommaso Campanella

IQ 180

An Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, theologian, astrologer, and poet.