Xerxes I assumed the title of King of Kings in 486 BC, marking the beginning of a two-decade reign defined by the expansion and consolidation of the Achaemenid Empire. As the son of Darius the Great and Atossa, he navigated complex dynastic pressures to secure his throne, eventually commanding one of history's most notable military expeditions into Europe.
Succession and Early Rule
Born around 518 BC, Xerxes was chosen as successor by his father, Darius the Great, over his elder brother Artobazan. This decision was influenced by his maternal lineage, as he was the son of Atossa, a daughter of Cyrus the Great. Upon Darius's death in 486 BC, Xerxes ascended the throne at age 32. His early years were occupied with restoring order across his domains, including suppressing uprisings in Egypt by 484 BC and addressing multiple revolts in Babylon.
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Seeking to punish Athens and its allies for their involvement in the Ionian Revolt, Xerxes mobilized a vast force and crossed the Hellespont in 480 BC. His campaign achieved early successes, including victories at Thermopylae and Artemisium, followed by the capture and destruction of Athens. However, after a naval defeat at the Battle of Salamis, Xerxes returned to Asia. He left his commander, Mardonius, to continue the struggle, which ultimately concluded with the Persian defeat at the Battle of Plataea.
Architectural Legacy and Assassination
Following his return to Persia, Xerxes focused on ambitious construction projects. He completed the Gate of All Nations, the Apadana, and the Tachara at Persepolis, while continuing development of the Palace of Darius at Susa. He also maintained the Royal Road infrastructure. His rule ended in 465 BC when he and his heir, Darius, were assassinated by Artabanus, the commander of the royal bodyguard. He was succeeded by his third son, Artaxerxes I.
Fast facts
- Born: 518 BC
- Died: 465 BC
- Reign: 486–465 BC
- Religion: Zoroastrianism
- Father: Darius the Great
- Mother: Atossa
- Primary Occupations: Statesperson, Monarch
- Burial Place: Iran
Questions readers ask
What was the result of the 480 BC Greek invasion?
While the Persian forces captured and razed Athens, they were eventually defeated at the Battle of Salamis and later at Plataea, ending the invasion.
How did Xerxes I die?
He was assassinated in 465 BC by Artabanus, the commander of his royal bodyguard.
Achievements
- King of Kings (-0486–-0465)
- pharaoh
