Thomas Mitchell Morris, known as Old Tom Morris, began his journey in golf at age ten by striking wine-bottle corks with homemade clubs across the streets of St Andrews. Born in 1821 in the town often cited as the home of golf, he evolved from an apprentice under Allan Robertson to a central figure in defining the professional sport.
Early Career and The Invincibles
The son of a weaver, Morris attended Madras College before starting a formal apprenticeship with Allan Robertson at age 14. He worked as a journeyman for five years under Robertson, who was considered the world's leading player until 1859. The pair frequently competed in challenge matches using an alternate shot format, forming a team dubbed The Invincibles that remained undefeated on even terms.
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In 1848, a disagreement occurred when Morris was observed using a gutta percha ball, which threatened Robertson's business interests regarding featherie balls. Morris moved to Prestwick Golf Club in 1851 to oversee the course, manage equipment sales, and provide instruction. He was a primary architect of The Open Championship, which launched in 1860, and he struck the event's inaugural shot.
Stewardship at St Andrews
The Royal and Ancient Golf Club rehired Morris in 1864 to serve as the professional and Keeper of the Green for an annual salary of 50 pounds. He addressed the poor state of the links by enlarging greens, widening fairways, and implementing modern turf management techniques. His tenure spanned 39 years, during which he oversaw the design of the New and Jubilee courses.
Competitive Success and Legacy
Morris claimed four Open Championship titles between 1861 and 1867. His 13-stroke margin of victory in the 1862 tournament remained an untouched record for over a century. Beyond playing, he acted as a consultant for numerous courses across the British Isles, including Forfar, Muirfield, and various locations in Ireland and the Isle of Man. He served as an instructor until his death in 1908.
Fast facts
- Born: 16 June 1821, St Andrews
- Died: 24 May 1908, St Andrews
- Open Championship wins: 1861, 1862, 1864, 1867
- Education: Madras College
- World Golf Hall of Fame member
- Oldest Open winner: 46 years
- Final design: Killermont course, 1904
Questions readers ask
How did Morris change golf course maintenance?
He introduced top-dressing greens with sand, pioneered the use of push mowers, established distinct teeing areas, and developed the strategy of placing hazards to allow for ball routing.
Did he play professionally with his family?
Yes, he teamed with his son, Young Tom Morris, for challenge matches in the mid-1860s until his son's death in 1875.
