Oliver Tambo served as the President of the African National Congress from 1967 to 1991, directing the movement's strategy against the apartheid regime from exile. Born in Nkantolo in 1917, he spent decades mobilizing international support for the organization while navigating the shift from non-violent protest to armed struggle as a primary political tactic.
Early Life and Education
Born on 27 October 1917, Tambo attended the Ludeke Methodist School and Holy Cross Mission before moving to Johannesburg. He studied at St. Martin’s School and the University of Fort Hare, where he participated in a student strike alongside Nelson Mandela. This led to his expulsion in 1940. He later returned to Johannesburg, working as a teacher of science and mathematics.
Twenty questions, eight minutes on the clock, and a percentile measured against everyone who has taken it. No sign-up.
Take the IQ test →Political Development in the ANC
In 1944, Tambo co-founded the ANC Youth League, serving as its first National Secretary. The Youth League introduced a more assertive Program of Action, moving away from petitions toward civil disobedience, boycotts, and strikes. By 1955, Tambo had risen to Secretary-general, and in 1958, he became the Deputy President of the organization, despite facing a five-year government-imposed banning order shortly thereafter.
International Advocacy in Exile
Following the Sharpeville massacre in 1960, the ANC sent Tambo abroad to secure diplomatic and financial assistance. Based in Muswell Hill, London, from 1960 to 1990, he traveled extensively across Africa and internationally to build opposition to apartheid. Upon the death of Albert Luthuli in 1967, Tambo assumed the role of acting president and continued to facilitate the entry of new activists into the movement.
Military Command and Strategy
Tambo authorized the creation of specialized guerrilla units within Umkhonto we Sizwe. Between 1978 and 1979, he gave the final approval for strategic operations, including the 1983 Church Street bombing. While the Truth and Reconciliation Commission later granted amnesty to those involved, the event resulted in significant casualties and remained a focal point of debates regarding the ANC's shift toward armed conflict.
Fast facts
- Born: 27 October 1917, Nkantolo
- Died: 24 April 1993, Johannesburg
- Presidency: 1967–1991
- Education: University of Fort Hare
- Languages: English
- Awards: Order of Friendship (1987)
- Awards: Order of Mapungubwe in Platinum (2012)
- Awards: Isitwalandwe Medal
Questions readers ask
What was Oliver Tambo's role in the ANC?
He served as the organization's Secretary-general, Deputy President, and finally President from 1967 to 1991.
Where did Tambo live during his years of exile?
He resided in Muswell Hill, London, from 1960 until his return to South Africa in 1990.
Achievements
- Educated at University of Fort Hare and St. Martin's School
- Worked as politician and lawyer
