The Declaration of Independence, a central work in the United States Capitol rotunda, features the artistic hand of John Trumbull. This painting, completed in 1817, gained further public familiarity through its reproduction on the reverse side of the United States two-dollar bill, solidifying Trumbull's legacy as a documentarian of the American Revolutionary era through his distinct approach to historical oil painting.
Early Education and Military Service
Born in Lebanon, Connecticut, in 1756, Trumbull enrolled at Harvard College at age 15, graduating in 1773. His early life was marked by a childhood accident resulting in the loss of one eye. During the American Revolutionary War, he utilized his skills to sketch British and American military lines near Boston. He served as aide-de-camp to General George Washington and deputy adjutant general to General Horatio Gates before resigning his commission in 1777.
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Seeking professional training in 1780, Trumbull traveled to London to study under Benjamin West. His activities in the Continental Army led to his arrest in Britain on charges of treason following the execution of Major John André. He endured seven months of imprisonment at Tothill Fields Bridewell. Upon his release in 1782, he returned to the United States, briefly serving as a commissary agent for the army at New Windsor.
Historical Documenting and Major Works
Trumbull’s career focused heavily on capturing the events of the American Revolution. Working with figures like Thomas Jefferson, he composed portraits of the 56 signers of the Declaration of Independence. His major canvases, including Surrender of Lord Cornwallis and Surrender of General Burgoyne, were commissioned by the United States Congress. He also produced significant works such as The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker's Hill and General George Washington at Trenton.
Professional Recognition and Later Years
Beyond his historical scenes, Trumbull was a prolific portraitist, painting subjects such as Alexander Hamilton, George Clinton, and John Jay. His work earned him election as a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1791. He transitioned between roles as an architect and painter throughout his life, maintaining a presence in New York City, London, and Boston. He died in 1843 in New York City.
Fast facts
- Born: 1756, Lebanon
- Died: 1843, New York City
- Education: Harvard College
- Occupation: Painter and architect
- Movement: Romanticism
- Fellowship: American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1791)
- Notable Painting: Declaration of Independence
Questions readers ask
Why was John Trumbull arrested in London?
He was arrested for treason in 1780 because he had been an officer in the Continental Army, a fact that drew outrage following the capture and execution of British agent Major John André.
Which paintings of Trumbull hang in the U.S. Capitol?
The four paintings are Declaration of Independence, Surrender of General Burgoyne, Surrender of Lord Cornwallis, and General George Washington Resigning His Commission.
Achievements
- Notable work: Declaration of Independence
- Notable work: Surrender of Lord Cornwallis
- Notable work: Surrender of General Burgoyne
- Notable work: The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker's Hill, June 17, 1775
- Movement: Romanticism
