William Small earned an MA from the University of Aberdeen in 1755 before transitioning from a Scottish academic career to the professional landscape of colonial Virginia. His subsequent transition to medical practice in Birmingham placed him at the center of Enlightenment-era industrial and scientific developments, bridging the gap between theoretical philosophy and practical engineering advancements.
Academic Appointment in Virginia
In 1758, Small accepted the position of Professor of Natural Philosophy at the College of William and Mary. During his tenure in Williamsburg, he instructed Thomas Jefferson. Small facilitated introductions between his student and prominent colonial figures, including the jurist George Wythe and Governor Francis Fauquier. This period significantly shaped Jefferson’s intellectual development, providing him with early perspectives on the scientific systems of the era.
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Take the IQ test →Contribution to the Lunar Society
Small returned to Britain in 1764, carrying a letter of introduction from Benjamin Franklin to the manufacturer Matthew Boulton. Upon settling in Birmingham in 1765, he obtained an MD degree and established a medical practice. He became a central figure in the Lunar Society, interacting with Erasmus Darwin, Thomas Day, James Keir, and James Watt. His role within the group involved active participation in intellectual debates and practical support for his associates.
Collaboration with James Watt
Small played a critical role in the advancement of James Watt’s steam engine. After Watt patented his condenser in 1769, Small assisted in sourcing the necessary precision manufacturing for the cylinder, eventually facilitating the solution provided by John Wilkinson in 1774. Furthermore, Small worked to secure the parliamentary bill extending Watt's patent until 1800. While intended to become a partner in the Boulton and Watt venture, Small died before the patent extension reached completion.
Civic Projects and Final Years
Beyond his medical and scientific work, Small contributed to the infrastructure of Birmingham. He was involved in the efforts to establish the Theatre Royal in 1774. Alongside his colleague John Ash, he participated in the planning stages for the Birmingham General Hospital, which ultimately reached completion in 1779. Small died in Birmingham on 25 February 1775, succumbing to malaria originally contracted during his years in Virginia.
Fast facts
- Born: 1734, Angus, Scotland
- Died: 25 February 1775, Birmingham
- Education: University of Aberdeen, MA 1755
- Profession: Physician, Professor of Natural Philosophy
- Notable Students: Thomas Jefferson
- Memberships: Lunar Society of Birmingham
- Burial Site: St. Philip’s churchyard, Birmingham
- Honors: William Small Physical Laboratory, College of William & Mary
Questions readers ask
What was William Small's connection to Thomas Jefferson?
Small served as Jefferson's professor of natural philosophy at the College of William and Mary and introduced him to influential figures in colonial Virginia society.
What caused the death of William Small?
He died from complications of malaria that he had contracted earlier during his time living in Virginia.
