A baseline measurement initiated near St. Thomas Mount on 10 April 1802 marked the beginning of a two-decade scientific endeavor that eventually became the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India. Tasked with determining the Earth's shape through meridian arc measurements, this project transformed from a localized survey into a comprehensive triangulation network spanning the width of the Indian peninsula.
Early Military Service and Education
Born near Northallerton around 1756, Lambton developed early mathematical proficiency under the guidance of Dr. Charles Hutton. In 1781, he joined Lord Fauconberg’s regiment and later served in the 33rd Regiment of Foot. His military career included participation in the American War of Independence, where he was captured at Yorktown, and later service in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.
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During his posting in India, Lambton served in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War and the Siege of Seringapatam. Following the conflict, he proposed a survey of the Mysore territory utilizing geodetic techniques. Despite opposition from Major James Rennel, support from Astronomer Royal Nevil Maskelyne allowed the project to proceed. He acquired advanced instruments, including a zenith sector and a theodolite, to ensure precise measurements.
The Great Trigonometrical Survey
Lambton’s triangulation efforts established a systematic measurement of the peninsula between Madras and Mangalore. After completing these initial surveys, he shifted his focus to measuring latitudinal arcs northward from Bangalore. His work provided the foundation for the subsequent mapping of India, eventually leading to his recognition as a Fellow of the Royal Society and membership in the French Academy of Sciences.
Final Years
Lambton continued his survey operations across central India until his health failed. He died in 1823 in the Wardha district, with reports citing his date of death as either 20 or 26 January. He was buried at Hinganghat, where Richard Jenkins later erected a memorial. His assistant, George Everest, assumed responsibility for the continuation of the survey project.
Fast facts
- Born: 1756, Northallerton
- Died: 1823, Maharashtra
- Buried: Hinganghat
- Occupations: Surveyor, geographer, geodesist
- Notable Membership: Royal Society, French Academy of Sciences
- Major Project: Great Trigonometrical Survey of India
Questions readers ask
What was the primary scientific goal of Lambton's survey?
The primary goal was to measure the length of a degree of the meridian arc to determine the shape of the Earth.
Who continued the survey work after Lambton's death?
Lambton was succeeded by his assistant, George Everest.
Achievements
- Fellow of the Royal Society
- Recorded as surveyor, geographer and geodesist
