James Garfield Gardiner built a career in business at a period when the rules of commerce were themselves changing.
The record lists James Garfield Gardiner as Canadian farmer, educator, and politician (1883-1962).
James Garfield Gardiner was born at South Huron in 1883. His recorded nationality is Canada.
Around the turn of the twentieth century the corporation became the dominant economic form, along with the antitrust politics that followed it.
He worked as politician, farmer and head teacher.
Enterprises outlive their founders or they do not, and that is the whole test.
That the business was built from Canada shaped it: capital, regulation and market size differ by country, and they decide what is even attemptable.
James Garfield Gardiner died in 1962, aged 79. What remains is the enterprise and its consequences, which is the only durable measure of a commercial life.
