Cemal Gürsel assumed the presidency of Turkey in 1961 following a military coup that placed him in power despite his lack of involvement in the uprising. Chosen by revolutionary officers for his high standing within the military ranks, he served as head of state until 1966, navigating a period of significant political instability and systemic transition.
Military Service and Early Campaigns
Born in 1895 in Hınıs, Gürsel pursued a military career that spanned 45 years. After graduating from Kuleli Military High School and the Turkish Military Academy, he served in the Gallipoli campaign during World War I. Captured by the British in 1918 after serving on the Syria and Palestine fronts, he remained a prisoner of war in Egypt until October 1920. Following his release, he joined the Turkish War of Independence, participating in major battles including Sakarya and Eskişehir, which earned him the Medal of Independence.
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On 27 May 1960, a group of military officers overthrew the Democratic Party government. Gürsel was not a participant in the coup's planning, yet he was installed as the leader due to his reputation. By 30 May, he held the titles of Head of State, Prime Minister, and Minister of National Defence. His early tenure involved legal shifts, including the controversial Yassıada trials where he sought to reduce execution sentences for deposed officials.
Governance and Public Life
During his presidency, Gürsel cultivated a populist image, often touring rural communities in a Jeep to interact with local populations. He forbade the placement of his photograph alongside Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in government offices to maintain a focus on state institutions. His administration managed the transition toward the Justice Party and provided political asylum to figures such as Ayatollah Khomeini.
Illness and Final Years
Gürsel suffered from deteriorating health due to paralysis beginning in 1961. In February 1966, he was transported to the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, D.C., via a plane provided by U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson. After suffering strokes and falling into a coma, he returned to Turkey in March. Parliament terminated his presidency on 28 March 1966, citing his inability to serve. He died in Ankara on 14 September 1966.
Fast facts
- Born: 1895, Hınıs
- Died: 14 September 1966, Ankara
- Presidency: 1961-1966
- Military Rank: General of the Army
- Education: Kuleli Military High School; Turkish Military Academy
- Spouse: Melahat
- Awards: Medal of Independence; Gallipoli Star
Questions readers ask
Was Gürsel involved in the 1960 coup?
No, he played no role in the planning or execution of the coup, having been chosen by the rebel officers after the takeover was already underway.
Why did his presidency end?
His presidency was terminated by parliament on 28 March 1966 due to terminal ill health and a series of strokes.
Achievements
- Prime Minister of Turkey (1960–1961)
- President of Turkey (1961–1966)
- Prime Minister of Turkey (1961–1961)
- Minister of National Defence (1960–1960)
- Medal of Independence
- Educated at Turkish Military Academy and Kuleli Military High School
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