Les Plus Grands Esprits Politiques et Dirigeants

American statesman and lawyer who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 to 1865

Adolphe Thiers

A French statesman and historian.

Alexander Hamilton

An American founding father and statesman

Alexander the Great

A king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon and a member of the Argead dynasty.

Ali Pasha of Ioannina

Was an Ottoman Albanian ruler who served as pasha of a large part of western Rumelia, the Ottoman Empire's European terr

Alphonse de Lamartine

A French author, poet and statesman.

André Marie Jean Jacques Dupin

Serving in as President of the Chamber of Deputies for 7 years.

Andrew Jackson

An American lawyer, soldier, and statesman who served as the seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837.

Anne Robert Jacques Turgot

A French economist and statesman.

Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury

An English politician, philosopher, and writer.

August von Kotzebue

A German dramatist and writer who also worked as a consul in Russia and Germany.

Benjamin Franklin

American polymath and a Founding Father of the United States.

Benjamin Constant

A Swiss-French political activist and writer on political theory and religion.

Benjamin Disraeli

Was twice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

George Bernard Shaw

Bernard Shaw was an Irish playwright, critic, polemicist and political activist known for writing Man and Superman (1902

Boethius

A Roman senator, consul, magister officiorum, and philosopher of the early 6th century.

Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour

An Italian statesman and a leading figure in the movement towards Italian unification.

Cardinal Richelieu

A French clergyman and statesman.

Charlemagne

The King of the Franks, the King of the Lombards, and the Emperor of the Romans who united the majority of western and c

Charles Sumner

An American statesman and United States Senator who was the leader of the Radical Republicans.

Montesquieu

A French social commentator & political thinker

Charles James Fox

A prominent British Whig statesman whose parliamentary career spanned 38 years

Christian Charles Josias von Bunsen

A German diplomat and scholar.

Cleopatra

Was queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, and its last active ruler.

Constantin François de Chassebœuf, comte de Volney

A French philosopher, abolitionist, writer, orientalist, and politician who was one of the first modern writers to advoc

Daniel Webster

One of the most prominent American lawyers of the 19th century who worked on over 200 cases in the U.S. Supreme Court

Daniel O'Connell

The acknowledged political leader of Ireland's Roman Catholic majority in the first half of the 19th century whose actio

Demosthenes

His orations

Marquis de Sade

A French nobleman, revolutionary politician, philosopher and writer best known for The 120 Days of Sodom and Justine.

Edmund Burke

An Irish statesman and philosopher who supported the rights of the British colonists to resist metropolitan authority.

Edward Bulwer-Lytton

An English writer and politician coined the phrases "the great unwashed", "pursuit of the almighty dollar", "the pen is

Edward Gibbon

Probably the greatest English historian of all times. Famous for his work The History of the Decline and Fall of the Rom

Elizabeth I

A Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. She was the last of the five monarchs of t

Emanuel Swedenborg

A Swedish pluralistic-Christian theologian, scientist, philosopher and mystic best known his book on the afterlife, Heav

Évariste Galois

A French mathematician and political activist. He solved a mathematical problem nobody could solve for 350 years when he

Francis Bacon

IQ 190

An English philosopher and statesman who served as Attorney General and as Lord Chancellor of England.

François Guizot

French historian, orator, and statesman.

François-René de Chateaubriand

A French writer, politician, diplomat and historian who dominated the literary scene in France in the first half of the

Franklin D. Roosevelt

IQ 151

An American politician who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945.

Frederick Douglass

An American former slave, outspoken abolitionist and politician who was known for being able to peacefully debate with p

Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor

13th century Hohenstaufen Holy Roman Emperor

Frederick the Great

A Prussian king and military leader who reorganized the Prussian armies and noted for his Silesian wars and the Partitio

Friedrich Schiller

German poet, philosopher, historian, and playwright

Julius Caesar

A Roman general and statesman.

Garry Kasparov

IQ 190

A Russian chess grandmaster, former World Chess Champion, writer, and political activist and commentator

Genghis Khan

Creating one of the greatest empires in history.

George Canning

British Tory statesman. Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from April to August 1827

George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon

An English diplomat and statesman from the Villiers family whose skills helped to stop the bloody Crimean War.

George Washington

Being the first president of the United States

George Grote

An English political radical and classical historian best known for the voluminous History of Greece.

George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle

An English soldier and politician, and a key figure on both sides of the English Civil War, as well as the Restoration o

Georges Danton

A leading figure in the early stages of the French Revolution who was guillotined by the advocates of revolutionary terr

Germaine de Staël

A French woman of letters and political theorist of Genevan origin.

Giulio Alberoni

An Italian cardinal and statesman in the service of Philip V of Spain known for being a remarkable soldier and great gou

Giuseppe Garibaldi

An Italian general, patriot, and republican who contributed to the Italian unification and the creation of the Kingdom

Giuseppe Mazzini

An Italian politician, journalist, activist for the unification of Italy whose political ideas were twisted and used by

Hannah Arendt

A German-born American political theorist who was an avid critic of totalitarian regimes, Nazism and Fascism in particul

Hannibal

Carthaginian general and statesman who is widely considered to be one of the greatest military commanders in human histo

Henri de Saint-Simon

A French political, economic and socialist theorist who created a political and economic ideology known as Saint-Simonia

Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke

An English politician, government official and political philosopher who supported the Church of England.

Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux

A British statesman who played a prominent role in passing the 1832 Reform Act and 1833 Slavery Abolition Act.

Henry David Thoreau

An American naturalist, essayist, poet, and philosopher best known for his book Walden.

Herodotus

An ancient Greek writer and geographer who was the first Greek historian.

Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau

A leader of the early stages of the French Revolution

Jacques Necker

A Genevan banker who served as finance minister for Louis XVI and a statesman

James Madison

An American statesman and Founding Father who drafted and promoted the Constitution of the United States.

Jane Marcet

British writer

Jean Victor Marie Moreau

A French general who helped Napoleon Bonaparte to power, but later became a rival and was banished to the United States

Jean-Paul Marat

A French political theorist, physician, and scientist who was a journalist and politician during the French Revolution.

Charles XIV John

A King of Sweden and Norway from 1818 until his death who was the first monarch of the Bernadotte dynasty.

Jean-Paul Sartre

A French philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter who is one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentiali

Jeremy Bentham

An English philosopher, jurist, and social reformer regarded as the founder of modern utilitarianism.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

IQ 200

German writer, scientist artist, & politician best known for his drama Faust and is considered to be the greatest German

John F. Kennedy

An American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States from 1961 until his assassination near the

John Quincy Adams

An American statesman, diplomat, lawyer, and diarist who served as the sixth president of the United States.

John Witherspoon

A Scottish American Presbyterian minister and a Founding Father of the United States.

John Stuart Mill

An English philosopher and political economist who was an influential thinker in the history of classical liberalism.

John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough

An English soldier and statesman whose career spanned the reigns of five monarchs.

John Adams